Neoplasia I Flashcards
two components of cancer
clonal parenchyma
supporting stroma - CT and vessels
desmoplasia
lots of collagen in stroma of tumor
scirrhous
rock hard tumor
clonality of tumors
monoclonal
-arise from single cell
cancer
term for all malignant neoplasms
autonomous
independent of growth stimuli
oncology
study of tumors
malignant
have capacity to metastasize and kill patient
adenoma
benign tumor in glands
epithelial neoplasm
papilloma
neoplasm with finger-like projections
cystadenoma
large cystic masses
-often in ovary
papillary cystadenomas
papillary patterns that protrude into cystic spaces
polyp
neoplasm that has projection above mucosal surface
sarcoma
malignant tumor from mesenchymal tissue
carcinoma
malignant tumor of epithelial origin
mixed tumor
clonal has divergent differentiation
teratoma
cells of more than one germ cell layer
myxoid
cartilage or bone
nevocellular nevus
benign neoplasm of melanocytes
malignant melanoma
malignant neoplasm of melanocytes
hydatidiform mole
benign neoplasm of placenta epithelium
choriocarcinoma
malignant neoplasm of placenta epithelium
squamous cell papilloma
benign neoplasm of squamous keratinocytes
seminoma
malignant neoplasm of testicular germ cells
anaplasia
lack of differentiation
-change in nucleus
benign tumors
well differentiated
malignant tumors
not well differentiated
pleomorphism
variation in size and shape
leiomyoma
smooth muscle neoplasm
connective tissue
fibroconnective
adipose
cartilage
bone
endothelium
blood vessels lymph vessels synovium mesothelium brain covering
hematopoietic and lymphoid
bone marrow
nodal/extranodal
rhabdo-
skeletal muscle
different sarcomas
fibroconnective, adipose, cartilage, bone endothelium synovium mesothelium bone marrow nodes smooth/striated muscles
different carcinomas
epithelium** squamous keratinocytes epidermal basal cells gland/duct epithelium respiratory renal hepatocytes transitional epithelium placenta testicular germ cells melanocytes
urothelial papilloma
benign neoplasm of transitional epithelium
urothelial carcinoma
malignant neoplasm of transitional epithelium
malignant
lymphoma mesothelioma melanoma seminoma immature teratoma
hamartoma
NOT neoplasm
- mass of cells normally in tissue
- but in disorganized way
basal cell carcinoma
not a carcinoma
pleomorphic adenoma
mixed tumor of salivary gland (benign)
wilms tumor
mixed malignant tumor of renal anlage
mature teratoma
benign
immarture teratoma
malignant
hemangioma
benign neoplasm of blood vessels
angiosarcoma
malignant neoplasm of blood vessels
dysplasia
disordered growth
carcinoma in situ
not yet breached the basement membrane
characteristics of benign tumors
well differentiated normal nucleus growth rates slows pushing, but non invasive no metastasis
characteristics of malignant tumors
undifferentiated anaplasia (change in nucleus) erratic grwoth local invasion mestastasis
metastasis
sin qua non malignancy
differentiation
major determinants
- neoplastic cells
- architecture relationships with stroma
less differentiated a malignant neoplasm
more aggressive its behavior
grade of differentiation
well - closely resembles parent
moderately - features original tissue present, but not dominant pattern
poorly - minority of parent tissue, with cellular anaplasia
undifferentiated - cannot be discerned, always anaplasia
indicators of anaplasia
hyperchromatic nuclei N/C ratio (normal is 1:6) variable nucleus size and shape mitoses tumor giant cells
metaplasia in cervix
to squamous
metaplasia in esophagus
to glandular
rate of growth determinants
doubling time of tumor
fraction of tumor cells in replicative pool (growth fraction)
rate at which cells die
mitotic figures per unit of tissue
higher - is more likely a malignant
cancer stem cells
eliminate these to get rid of cancer
hard to kill with therapy
tumor initiating cells
cells that allow a human tumor to grow and maintain itself indefinitely
should be target of therapy
as population of tumor cells expand
higher percentage leaves replicative pool
both malignant and benign tumors cause problems because of
location or impingement hormone release (paraneoplastic syndromes) bleeding/infection rupture/infarct cachexia/wasting
grading of tumor
established by pathologist
-how differentiated is tumor
staging of tumor
established by oncologist
-how widely is cancer spread
malignant tumors that rarely metastasize
glioma
basal cell carcinoma
dermoid cyst
mature teratoma
