Neoplasia II

Question 1

encapsulated

Answer 1

fibrous capsule around tumor

Question 2

compressed

Answer 2

tumor with well defined cleavage plane

ex/ leiomyoma - smooth m of uterus

Question 3

clear margins

Answer 3

surgical pathologists examine margins of resected tumors to ensure they are devoid of cancer cells

Question 4

local invasion vs. expansion

Answer 4

expansion - has capsule

invasion - invades tissue

Question 5

metastasis

Answer 5

best identifier of malignant tumor

Question 6

spread of tumor

Answer 6

seeding of body cavity
lymphatics
hematogenous

Question 7

carcinoma of breast

Answer 7

often in upper outer quadrants

-to axillary nodes

Question 8

lung carcinoma spread

Answer 8

regional nodes > hilar nodes

Question 9

medial breast carcinoma

Answer 9

internal mammary nodes

Question 10

sentinel lymph node

Answer 10

first lymph node receiving flow from tumor

Question 11

drainage of lymph node

Answer 11

afferent vessel > subcapsular sinus

exits at efferent lymph vessel - hilus

Question 12

most lethal route of spreading

Answer 12

hematogenous

-to bone, liver, brain, lung

Question 13

hematogenous dissemination

Answer 13

overwhelming mechanism of death in cancer

Question 14

most frequent sites of hematogenous dissemination

Answer 14

liver and lungs

• bc both are sites of venous drainage
• portal to liver
• caval to lungs

Question 15

thyroid and prostate cancer

Answer 15

spread to paravertebral plexus

-vertebral metastasis

Question 16

renal cell carcinoma spread

Answer 16

renal vein and inferior vena cava

Question 17

hepatocellular carcinoma spread

Answer 17

portal radicles into veins

Question 18

adenocarcinoma of colon spread

Answer 18

metastasize to liver via portal system

Question 19

prostatic carcinoma spread

Answer 19

bone via vascular plexuses

Question 20

small cell carcinoma of lung spread

Answer 20

adrenals and brain

Question 21

lobular carcinoma of breast spread

Answer 21

CNS/meninges

Question 22

prevalence

Answer 22

total cases in defined population on specified date

Question 23

incidence

Answer 23

new cases diagnosed during specified time

Question 24

mortality

Answer 24

number of deaths during a specified time

Question 25

causes for change in mortality

Answer 25

change in incidence | change in treatment efficacy

Question 26

highest cancer incidence in males and females

Answer 26

male prostate 33% | female breast 31%

Question 27

highest cancer death in males and females

Answer 27

lung and bronchus

Question 28

cancer in egypt

Answer 28

schistosmiasis - bladder carcinoma

Question 29

cancer in japan

Answer 29

gastric carcinoma

Question 30

cancer in southeast asia

Answer 30

hepatitis B - hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 31

environmental factors

Answer 31

UV radiation (malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma) ionizing radiation (thyroid carcinoma - Chernobyl / leukemia - hiroshima) cigarettes - lung carcinoma helicobacter pylorri - gastric carcinoma ethanol/cirrhosis - hepatocellular carcinoma Hep C virus - hepatocellular carcinoma HPV - carinoma uterine cervix

Question 32

helicobacter pylorii

Answer 32

gastric carcinoma

Question 33

high grade dysplasia

Answer 33

uterine cervix carcinoma

Question 34

atypical endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 34

endometrial adencarcinoma

Question 35

dysplastic bronchial mucosa

Answer 35

bronchogenic carcinoma

Question 36

leukoplaki of oral cavity / vulva

Answer 36

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 37

barrets esophagus

Answer 37

esophageal adenocarcinoma

Question 38

cirrhosis

Answer 38

hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 39

H. pylorii

Answer 39

gastric cancer

Question 40

chronic ulcerative colitis

Answer 40

colorectal adenocarcinoma

Question 41

villous and tubular papillae of colon

Answer 41

colon adenocarcinoma

Question 42

autosomal dominant inherited cancer

Answer 42

often point mutations

Question 43

retinoblastoma gene

Answer 43

RB tumor suppressor gene

Question 44

familial adenomatous polyposis gene

Answer 44

APC tumor suppressor gene

Question 45

li fraumeni syndrome gene

Answer 45

p53

Question 46

MEN-1 and MEN-2 gene

Answer 46

menin transcription factor (1) | RET tyrosine kinase (2)

Question 47

hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer gene

Answer 47

inactivation of DNA mismatch repair gene

Question 48

defective DNA repair

Answer 48

often autosomal recessive

Question 49

autosomal recessive

Answer 49

xeroderma pigmentosa ataxia-telangiectasia bloom syndrome

Question 50

familial cancer

Answer 50

early age of onset tumors arising in two or more close relatives of index case multiple or bilateral tumors

Question 51

BRCA1 and 2

Answer 51

breast cancer susceptiblity genes

Question 52

p16

Answer 52

gene for familial melanoma

Question 53

cytochrome p450

Answer 53

polymorphism - lung cancer in cigarette cancers