Cancer II Lecture Flashcards
clear margins
goal of removing neoplasms
make sure no cancer cells at boundaries
local expansion
capsule - benign
metastasis
secondary implant
-discontinuous with primary tumor
tubular carcinoma of breast
rarely metastasizes
small cell carcinoma
often metastasize
osteogenic sarcoma
often metastasize
spread of solid tumors
seed
lymph
hemo
most solid tumor spread
lymphatics
lymphatic invasion
low pressure and won’t disseminate tumors well
but hemo flow does
lung carcinoma spread
regional nodes - than hilar nodes
breast carcinoma spread
upper outer - axillary
medial - internal mammary artery nodes
sentinel lymph node
first node in regional lymph basin receiving lymph flow from a tumor
most lethal spread type
hematogenous
to brain, bone, liver, lung
liver and lung spread
have portal and caval flow
prostate carcinoma spread
to bone
adenocarcinoma of colon spread
to liver (portal)
renal cell carcinoma spread
renal vein to IVC
hepatocellular carcinoma spread
portal radicles into veins
small cell carcinoma of lung spread
adrenal and brain
lobular carcinoma of breast spread
CNS and meninges
RB
retinoblastoma gene
p53
li fraumeni syndrome gene
p16/INK4A
melanoma gene
APC
familial adenomatous polyposis and colon cancer gene
prevalence
total cases in define population on specific date
incidence
new cases diagnosed during specified time
mortality
death caused by malignancy during specified time
RET mutation
multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
MEN-2
affect thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals
MEN-1
affect pituitary, parathroid and pancreas
schistosmiasis in egypt
bladder carcinoma
ionizing radiation
leukemia and thyroid cancer
alcohol
hepatocellular carcinoma
high grade dysplasia
> uterine cervix carcinoma
atypical endometrial hyperplasia
> endometrial adenocarcinoma
dysplastic bronchial mucosa
> bronchogenic carcinoma
leukoplakia of oral cavity, vulva
> squamous cell carcinoma
barrets esophagus
> esophageal adenocarcinoma
cirrhosis
> hepatocellular carcinoma
h. pylori
> gastric cancer
chronic ulcerative colitis
> colorectal adenocarinoma
villous/tubular adenomas papillae of colon
> colon adenocarcinoma
tumor specific antigens
present only on tumors cells
tumor associated antigens
present on both tumors and normal cells
anti-tumor effector mechanisms
CD8 T cells
NK cells
macrophages
immune surveillence
tumor suppressed by immune system
immune escape by tumors
loss of histocompatability antigens - less to T cells lysis
more NK lysis
no costimulation
glycocalyx - antigen masing
apoptosis of T cells due to FasL expression
cancer cachexia
TNF
PATCH
nevoid basal cell carcinoma
most common tumor gene
p53
-tumor supressor
autosomal recessive syndromes
defective DNA repair
xeroderma pigmentosa
ataxia-telangiectasia
bloom syndrome
fanconi anemia
familial
only 5% of cancers
- early age of onset
- positive family history
main response to tumors
CD8 cytotoxic T cells
-also responders to virus
malignancy in AIDs patient
non-hodgkin lymphoma
-B cell
non-AIDs malignancies
solid tumors
-lung and oropharynx
