Cancer II Lecture Flashcards by Matt Stanton | Brainscape

Q

clear margins

A

goal of removing neoplasms

make sure no cancer cells at boundaries

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Q

local expansion

A

capsule - benign

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Q

metastasis

A

secondary implant

-discontinuous with primary tumor

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Q

tubular carcinoma of breast

A

rarely metastasizes

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Q

small cell carcinoma

A

often metastasize

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Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

often metastasize

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Q

spread of solid tumors

A

seed
lymph
hemo

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Q

most solid tumor spread

A

lymphatics

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Q

lymphatic invasion

A

low pressure and won’t disseminate tumors well

but hemo flow does

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Q

lung carcinoma spread

A

regional nodes - than hilar nodes

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Q

breast carcinoma spread

A

upper outer - axillary

medial - internal mammary artery nodes

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Q

sentinel lymph node

A

first node in regional lymph basin receiving lymph flow from a tumor

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Q

most lethal spread type

A

hematogenous

to brain, bone, liver, lung

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Q

liver and lung spread

A

have portal and caval flow

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Q

prostate carcinoma spread

A

to bone

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Q

adenocarcinoma of colon spread

A

to liver (portal)

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Q

renal cell carcinoma spread

A

renal vein to IVC

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Q

hepatocellular carcinoma spread

A

portal radicles into veins

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Q

small cell carcinoma of lung spread

A

adrenal and brain

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Q

lobular carcinoma of breast spread

A

CNS and meninges

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Q

RB

A

retinoblastoma gene

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Q

p53

A

li fraumeni syndrome gene

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Q

p16/INK4A

A

melanoma gene

Q

APC

A

familial adenomatous polyposis and colon cancer gene

Q

prevalence

A

total cases in define population on specific date

Q

incidence

A

new cases diagnosed during specified time

Q

mortality

A

death caused by malignancy during specified time

Q

RET mutation

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2

Q

MEN-2

A

affect thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals

Q

MEN-1

A

affect pituitary, parathroid and pancreas

Q

schistosmiasis in egypt

A

bladder carcinoma

Q

ionizing radiation

A

leukemia and thyroid cancer

Q

alcohol

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

Q

high grade dysplasia

A

> uterine cervix carcinoma

Q

atypical endometrial hyperplasia

A

> endometrial adenocarcinoma

Q

dysplastic bronchial mucosa

A

> bronchogenic carcinoma

Q

leukoplakia of oral cavity, vulva

A

> squamous cell carcinoma

Q

barrets esophagus

A

> esophageal adenocarcinoma

Q

cirrhosis

A

> hepatocellular carcinoma

Q

h. pylori

A

> gastric cancer

Q

chronic ulcerative colitis

A

> colorectal adenocarinoma

Q

villous/tubular adenomas papillae of colon

A

> colon adenocarcinoma

Q

tumor specific antigens

A

present only on tumors cells

Q

tumor associated antigens

A

present on both tumors and normal cells

Q

anti-tumor effector mechanisms

A

CD8 T cells
NK cells
macrophages

Q

immune surveillence

A

tumor suppressed by immune system

Q

immune escape by tumors

A

loss of histocompatability antigens - less to T cells lysis

more NK lysis

no costimulation

glycocalyx - antigen masing

apoptosis of T cells due to FasL expression

Q

cancer cachexia

A

TNF

Q

PATCH

A

nevoid basal cell carcinoma

Q

most common tumor gene

A

p53

-tumor supressor

Q

autosomal recessive syndromes

A

defective DNA repair

xeroderma pigmentosa
ataxia-telangiectasia
bloom syndrome
fanconi anemia

Q

familial

A

only 5% of cancers

early age of onset
positive family history

Q

main response to tumors

A

CD8 cytotoxic T cells

-also responders to virus

Q

malignancy in AIDs patient

A

non-hodgkin lymphoma

-B cell

Q

non-AIDs malignancies

A

solid tumors

-lung and oropharynx