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PBD I Exam 2 > Diseases of the Immune System I > Flashcards

Diseases of the Immune System I Flashcards

1
Q

innate immunity

A

inflammation - phagocytes

anti-viral defenses - NK cells

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2
Q

PAMPs

A

microbial structures recognized

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3
Q

DAMPs

A

molecules released by injured or necrotic cells for signaling to leukocytes

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4
Q

pattern recognition receptors

A

recognize PAMPs and DAMPs

-ex/ TLRs

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5
Q

NF-kappa-beta

A

way the pattern recognition receptors signal
-transcription factor

stimulate microbicidal activities

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6
Q

epithelia

A

mechanical barrier

and produce defensins

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7
Q

phagocytes in blood

A

monocytes and neutrophils

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8
Q

innate activation of complement

A

alternative and lectin pathways

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9
Q

adaptive activation of complement

A

classical pathway (antibodies)

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10
Q

humoral immunity

A

extracellular microbes and their toxins

-B lymphocytes

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11
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

intracellular microbes

-T lymphocytes

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12
Q

CD4 T cells

A

helper T cells

-activate macrophages, inflammation, and stimulate B cells

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13
Q

CD8 T cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

-kill infected cells

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14
Q

thymus

A

development of T cells

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15
Q

MHC restriction

A

T cells only recognize antigen presented by MHC on APCs

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16
Q

T cell receptor

A

alpha and beta polypeptide

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17
Q

RAG1 and RAG2

A

enzyme in developing lymphocytes that mediates rearrangements of receptor genes

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18
Q

monoclonal vs. polyclonal T cell populations

A

monoclonal - neoplastic

analysis of antigen receptor gene arrangements is a valuable assay for detecting lymphoid tumors

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19
Q

TCR complex

A

alpha and beta protein receptor

zeta and CD3

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20
Q

gamma-delta TCR

A

no requirement for MHC

-at epithelial surfaces

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21
Q

NK-T cells

A

recognize glycolipids displayed by MHC-like CD1

function not known

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22
Q

MHC class II

A

binds CD4

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23
Q

MHC class I

A

binds CD8

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24
Q

rule of 8

A

MHC and CD binding multiplies to 8

2 x 4 = 8
1 x 8 = 8

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25
Q

IgM and IgD

A

membrane bound antibodies - on all mature naive B cells

-antigen binding component

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26
Q

identifying B-cell tumors

A

look for monoclonal gene rearrangement of B cell receptor

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27
Q

B cell receptor complex

A

IgG and IgD

Ig-alpha and Ig-beta

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28
Q

receptor for EBV

A

type 2 complement receptor on B cells

-this is why this virus infects B cells

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29
Q

langerhans cells

A

immature dendritic cells in epidermis

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30
Q

dendritic cells

A

APCs for initiating T cell responses

  • located under epithelia
  • have TLRs and mannose receptors
  • recruited to T-cell zones of lymphoid organs
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31
Q

follicular dendritic cells

A

in germinal center of lymphoid follicles
-spleen and lymph nodes

-present antigens to B cells and select highest affinity B cells

32
Q

macrophages

A

function as APCs to T cells

T cells activate them back

phagocytose opsonized molecules - IgG or C3b

33
Q

NK cells

A

abundant azurophilic granules

  • can kill without prior exposure (innate)
  • CD16 - receptor for IgG
  • CD56 also used to identify NK cells
34
Q

ADCC

A

antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

NK cells recognizing IgG coated microbes and killing them
-by CD 16

35
Q

activity of NK cells

A

balance of + and - signaling

  • activating - NKG2D
  • inhibiting - recognized MHC class I

inhibitory signals prevent from killing normal cells

36
Q

viruses and neoplastic growth

A 
induces expression of NK activators
-also reduce MHC class I expression

activates NK cells

37
Q

IFN-gamma

A

secreted by NK cells

-activates Macrophages

38
Q

IL-2 and IL-15

A

stimulate proliferation of NK cells

39
Q

IL12

A

stimulates NK release of IFN-gamma and killing

40
Q

generative lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow and thymus

41
Q

peripheral lymphoid organs

A

nodes, spleen, mucosal, and cutaneous tissue

42
Q

lymph nodes

A

receive lymph vessel flow

43
Q

spleen

A

receives blood-borne antigens

network of sinusoids

44
Q

peyers patch

A

peripheral lymph organ

-in intestine

45
Q

lymph node organization

A

B cells - in follicles around cortex

  • have follicular dendritic cells
  • germinal center - B cells activated

T cells - in parafollicular regions
-has dendritic cells

once activated, chemokine expression brings them together at edge of follicle

46
Q

spleen organization

A

T cells in periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

B cells in follicles

47
Q

lymphocyte recirculation

A

naive traverse peripheral lymph organs
activated go to sites of infection and inflammation

plasma cells - stay in lymph organs

48
Q

naive T lymphocytes

A

enter T-cell zone through HEVs

49
Q

MHC gene

A

segment of chromosome 6

50
Q

class I MHC

A

all nucleated cells and platelets

  • present cytoplasmic protein antigens
  • recognized by CD8 T cells - viruses or tumors

HLA A, B C

51
Q

Class II MHC

A

present vesicle bound antigens from extracellular microbes

  • recognized by CD4
  • on cells that present ingested antigens - M0, B cells, dendritic cells

HLA DP, DQ, DR

52
Q

HLA haplotype

A

combination of HLA (MHC) genes

-important in organ transplant and grafts

53
Q

role of MHC

A

regulate T cell response

  • CTLs to cytoplasmic microbes
  • helper T cells to extracellular microbes
54
Q

HLA-B27

A

associated with ankylosing spondylitis
-chronic inflammation of axial skeleton

CD8 cell association

55
Q

HLA and diseases

A

inflammatory - HLA-B27
autoimmune - HLA-DR
inherited errors of metabolism - HLA-BW47 (21-hydroxylase deficiency) and HLA-A (hereditary hemochromatosis)

56
Q

interleukins

A

mediate communication between leukocytes

57
Q

innate immunity ILs

A 
TNF
IL-1
IL-12
type I IFNs
IFN-gamma
chemokines
58
Q

adaptive immunity ILs

A 
IL-2
IL-4
IL-5
IL-17
IFN-gamma
59
Q

colony-stimulating factors

A

stimulate hematopoiesis

-cytokines

60
Q

clonal selection hypothesis

A

lymphocytes specific for larger number of antigens select single antigen

the recognizing lymphocytes is selected and develops clones

61
Q

immunization

A

antigen presented

-initiates innate response

62
Q

costimulators

A

expressed by APCs

  • required to activate lymphocytes
  • ensures that harmless substances don’t elicit response
63
Q

B7 proteins

A

costimulator for T cells

-CD80/CD86

64
Q

IL-2

A

secreted by CD4 helper T cells

-acts on T cells proliferation

65
Q

CD40L

A

expressed by CD4 helper T cells

-engages CD40 on M0 and B cells to activate them

66
Q

Th1

A

subset of CD4 helper T cells

  • secrete IFN-gamma
  • activates M0s
67
Q

Th2

A

subset of CD4 helper T cells

-secretes IL-4 (stimulates B cells to produce IgE) and IL-5 (eosinophils activation)

68
Q

Th17

A

subset of CD4 helper T cells

  • secrete IL-17
  • recruit neutrophils and monocytes
69
Q

B cell activity

A

ingest protein antigens and display them with MHC to bind helper T cells

70
Q

isotype switching

A

in B cells - secrete variable antibodies

stimulated by IFN-gamma and IL-4

71
Q

affinity maturation

A

production of antibodies with higher affinity in B cells

72
Q

IgG

A

opsonize

73
Q

IgG and IgM

A

activate complement

74
Q

IgA

A

secreted from mucosal epithelium

75
Q

IgG

A

secreted across placenta and protects newborn

76
Q

IgE

A

activates eosinophils
-response to helminthes

from Th2 cell stimulation

77
Q

naive B cells

A

has IgM and IgD

PBD I Exam 2 (18 decks)

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