Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

System Screenings I > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Large group of diseases broadly defined by uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread of abnormal cells

A

Cancer (aka malignant neoplasm, tumor, malignancy, carcinoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The process by which normal cells undergo physical and structural changes as they develop to form different tissues of the body

A

Differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A general category that indicates a disorganization of cells in which an adult cell varies from its normal size, shape, or organization

A

Dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

First level of dysplasia, adult cell changes from one type to another; reversible and benign

A

Metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Loss of cellular differentiation; characteristics of malignant cells only

A

Anaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Increase in the number of cells in tissue, resulting in increased tissue mass

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Abnormal growth of new tissue and may be benign or malignant

A

Tumor (neoplasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where cancer or tumor starts

A

Primary site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where cancer spreads to

A

Secondary site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pre invasive, premalignant epithelial tumor of glandular squamous cell origin; malignant tumor but hasn’t spread outside of primary site yet

A

Carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are neoplasms classified?

A
  1. Cell type
  2. Tissue origin
  3. Degree of differentiation
  4. Anatomic site
  5. Benign or malignant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Malignant and benign tumors have the same name except malignant tumors have a suffix. Name the 2 suffixes and their meaning.

A
  1. Carcinoma - epithelial

2. Sarcoma - mesenchymal (connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Generally harmless tumor because it does not spread or invade other tissue

A

Benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tumor of neural cell precursor (benign and malignant)

A

Benign - ganglioneuroma

Malignant - neuroblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Malignant lymph nodes of the spleen

A

Lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hematopeoitic malignant tumors of bone marrow and plasma cells

A

Leukemia, myelodysplasia, multiple myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Germ cell tumor (embryonic cells) benign and malignant

A

Teratoma (benign); Teratocarcinoma, embyonal carcinoma, seminoma/dysgerminoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The extent of the disease at the time of diagnosis; more predictive of prognosis

A

Staging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The degree of malignancy and differentiation

A

Grading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Staging used in lymphomas

A

Ann Arbor Staging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the 3 components of TNM classification

A
  1. Primary tumor - T
  2. Regional lymph nodes - N
  3. Metastasis - M
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is cancer incidence on the rise?

A

No, cancer overall has decreased 20% over the last two decades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cancer due to genetics

A

Endogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cancer due to environmental/external factors

A

Exogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Theory that cancer is due to a series of mutations; induced by carcinogenic agents and hereditary susceptibility; process involves many steps

A

Somatic mutation theory

26
Q

Theory that there are cancer causing genes; transform normal cells into malignant cells (independently or with a virus)

A

Oncogenesis

27
Q

Tumor supressor genes

A

Anti-oncogenes

28
Q

What are clinical manifestations of cancer?

A

Asymptomatic early; destruction, necrosis, ulceration, hemorrhage; pain; nausea, vomiting; weight loss, m. weakness, anorexia, anemia, coagulation disorders; fever; GI, pulmonary, and vascular obstruction; fatigue; wasting

29
Q

Clinical manifestations of: Pulmonary system? Hepatic system? Skeletal system? Central Nervous system?

A

Pulmonary - cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea
Hepatic - hepatomegaly, nausea, jaundice
Bones - bone pain, fx
CNS - Neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, vertigo

30
Q

What are causes of pain with cancer?

A
  1. Depression/anxiety - may make pain worse
  2. Locally - pain due to pressure on structure
  3. metastasis
  4. Spinal cord compression
  5. From treatment - surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
31
Q

Disease where tumors produce systemic signs and symptoms at a distance form the tumor or its metastasized sites; typically hormone related; when cancer expresses characteristics different from its cancerous tissues; malignant cells can acquire new cellular fans uncharacteristic of the originating tissue

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

32
Q

What are the medical screenings used for breast cancer?

A
  1. Breast Self Exam
  2. Clinical Breast exam
  3. Mammography
33
Q

What are the medical screenings used for colorectal cancer?

A
  1. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT), or fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
  2. Stool DNA test
  3. Flexible sigmoidoscopy
  4. Double contrast barium enema
  5. Colonoscopy
  6. CT colonography
34
Q

What are the benefits exercise for cancer, according to the exercise-cancer hypothesis

A
  1. Enhance immune function
  2. Prevent or minimize m. wasting (counteracting cancer or chemo)
  3. Maintain quality of life
35
Q

What are the early warning signs of cancer?

A
  1. Change in bowel or bladder habits
  2. Sore that does not heal in 6 weeks
  3. unusual bleeding or discharge
  4. Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
  5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  6. obvious change in a wart or mole
  7. Nagging cough or hoarseness
36
Q

What early cancer signs should physical therapists look for?

A
  1. Proximal muscle weakness (shoulder girls, hip)

2. Change in deep tendon weakness

37
Q

What are the early melanoma signs?

A 
ABCD's - 
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
38
Q

What are the curative cancer treatments?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Radiation
  3. Chemotherapy
  4. Biotherapy (immunotherapy)
  5. Hormonal therapy
39
Q

Treatment of disease by delivery of radiation to a particular area of the body using high energy ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells; interacts with nuclear DNA preventing the cell’s ability to divide

A

Radiation therapy

40
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of radiation therapy that PTs are to look out for?

A

Connective tissues -

  1. Fibrosis, atrophy and contraction
  2. Limb length discrepancies. scoliosis
  3. Lymphadema
41
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of radiation therapy?

A
  1. Esophagitis and enterocolities
  2. Heart Disease
  3. Lung Disease
  4. Dermatitis
  5. Connective tissue
  6. Nervous system
42
Q

What is an absolute contraindication of radiation therapy?

A

Pregnancy

43
Q

What should you do post radiation therapy?

A
  1. Avoid topical use of alcohol, lotions, gels, oils, salves, creams
  2. Avoid positions where pt is lying on radiated area
  3. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight, heat lamps, thermal modalities
  4. Expect delayed wound healing
44
Q

Used to cure, palliate prior to bone marrow transplant or adjunct other therapies; goal is to destroy malignant cells and maintain normal cells

A

Chemotherapy

45
Q

What are the 4 primary agents of chemo therapy? Which has clinical importance for PTs?

A
  1. Alkylating
  2. Antimetabolites
  3. Antibiotics ** - tend to be cardiotoxic; increases risk of cardiac problems
  4. plant alkaloids
46
Q

What are adverse effects of chemotherapy?

A
  1. Nausea/vomiting
  2. Mucositis
  3. Myelosuppression
  4. Sterility
  5. Toxic to fetus
  6. Alopecia
  7. GI toxicity
  8. Fatigue
  9. Cardio, pulm, renal, hepatic toxicity
  10. Peripheral neuropathy
47
Q

What should PTs be aware of with chemotherapy?

A
  1. Possibility of myelosuppression
  2. Monitor hematology values
  3. Signs and symptoms of myelosuppression
  4. Symptoms may lay latent (pulmonary fibrosis)
  5. Neuropathies
48
Q

What cancer treatments are palliative (attempt to improve quality of life, not cure cancer)?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Chemotherapy
  3. Physical therapy
  4. Medications
  5. Acupuncture
  6. Chiropractic care
  7. Alternative medicine
  8. Hospice care
49
Q

Clues to screening for cancer: Previous personal history of cancer, especially in the presence of carpal tunnel symptom, back pain, shoulder pain, or joint pain of ______ or _______ cause at presentation

A

Unknown (think systemic); rheumatic

-if not following normal progression during treatment

50
Q

Clues to screening for cancer: Any woman with chest, breast axillary or ________ pain of unknown cause

A

Shoulder

51
Q

Clues to screening for cancer: Anyone with back, pelvic, groin, or hip pain accompanied by vague _______ complaints, _____ mass

A

Abdominal; palpable

52
Q

Clues to screening for cancer: When back “injury” is not __________ or if symptoms are _______.

A

improving as expected; increasing

53
Q

Clues to screening for cancer: Constant pain (unrelieved by ______ or ________); pain present at _______

A

Rest; change in position; night

54
Q

Clues to screening for cancer Signs of __________ compression must be screened for cancer as a possible cause

A

Nerve root

55
Q

Clues to screening for cancer: Changes in ____, _____, _____, and ______ of lymph nodes, especially painless, hard rubbery lymph nodes present in more than location and occurring for more than 4 weeks.

A

Size; Shape; Tenderness; Consistency

56
Q

Document the number, type, and severity of difficulties that an individual may be facing as a result of the cancer diagnosis; looks at impact cancer has on pts life

A

CARES (cancer rehabilitation evaluation system)

57
Q

What should PTs address in exercise intensity?

A
  1. Don’t just use HR
  2. Borg RPE (no greater than 12)
  3. Anemia
  4. Peak capacity 3-5 MET’s
  5. 40-65% of peak HR, HR reserve, or VO2 max (just below anaerobic threshold)
  6. High rep low load weight circuit
58
Q

What are the time restriction guidelines to follow after radiation?

A
  1. Do not exercise within 2 hours of radiation
  2. Slow carful stretching skin and connective tissue can tear
  3. low to moderate intensity aerobic exercise during the weeks of radiation may be beneficial
  4. Assess fatigue leve (cancer related fatigue as well)
59
Q

What are the most common childhood cancers?

A
  1. All acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  2. Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
  3. Hodgkin’s disease
  4. Primary CNS tumor
60
Q

What are the physical therapy interventions with cancer?

A
  1. Fall prevention; neuropathy and fatigue
  2. Physical agents; decreased sensation, increased blood flow
  3. when to refer

System Screenings I (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions