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System Screenings I > Fluid Systems > Flashcards

Fluid Systems Flashcards

1
Q

About how much of the body weight in the average adult is water?

A

60% (overall avg. is 45-60%)

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2
Q

Why do we lose water body weight percentage as we age?

A

As we age, we tend to lose muscle and gain fat

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3
Q

Where is most of the body’s fluid located?

A

Intracellular fluid (70%) [extracellular intravascular (plasma) = 6%, extracellular extravascular (interstitial fluid) = 26%]

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4
Q

True or False:

ECF is quite similar to ICF

A

False; plasma and interstitial fluid are similar because they are both outside the cell - ICF in inside the cell, which is vastly different from outside the cell, which has much more negatively charged electrolytes

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5
Q

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane toward an area of greater solute concentration is due to ___________.

A

Osmotic pressure

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6
Q

What accounts for the osmotic pressure in tissues and cells?

A

Osmotic pressure

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7
Q

Number of molecules of a substance in a kg of water

A

Osmolarity

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8
Q

What is the osmolarity of normal serum?

A

285-295 mOsm/kg

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9
Q

Water moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

Is BP higher or lower in an arteriole than tissue pressure? A venule?

A

Higher; lower

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11
Q

Affects osmotic pressure and can regulate how much fluid moves into the tissue and move it back into the capillary bed and out the venules

A

Capillary fluid dynamics

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12
Q

ECF is filtered through the renal _____.

A

Glomeruli

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13
Q

Selective reabsorption and excretion of water and solutes occur in renal _____.

A

Tubules

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14
Q

The mechanism that brings glucose and other nutrients back into the body after they are filtered out

A

Selective reabsorption

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15
Q

Severe hydration; decreases renal perfusion; causes release of aldosterone from the renal cortex

A

Hypovolemic state

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16
Q

What hormone directly conserves water and is released by the pituitary gland?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka Vasopressin

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17
Q

What hormone indirectly conserves water and is released by the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone

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18
Q

Name the 3 steroidal hormone types that bind to intracellular receptors, all work to conserve water and all come from the adrenal gland?

A
  1. Gonadal
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Mineralocorticoids
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19
Q

Formed in the hypothalamus; stored in the post. pituitary; area of storage and relate may overlap with the thirst center

A

ADH

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20
Q

What are the major stimuli for release of ADH?

A
  1. Increased osmolarity
  2. Decreased volume of ECF
  3. Stress of trauma, surgery, pain, and some anesthetics and drugs
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21
Q

A significant decrease in ADH from lesions or trauma of the hydrophyseal tract causes __________.

A

Diabetes insipidus (massive increase in urine output)

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22
Q

Secreted by the adrenal gland; acts on renal tubules to increase Na+ uptake

A

Aldosterone

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23
Q

What are the stimuli for the release of aldosterone?

A
  1. K+ concentration
  2. Na+ concentration
  3. Renin-angiotensin system
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24
Q

Naturally occurring fatty acids, fxns in the inflammatory response, BP control, uterine contractions, and GI mobility; causes vasodilation in kidneys, promoting Na+ excretion

A

Prostaglandins

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25
Q

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; weak activity for reabsorption of Na+ and water; increases blood volume and Na+ retention

A

Glucocorticoids

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26
Q

Causes increased kidney excretion of water and Na+; improved glomerular filtration rate; inhibits renin secretion; inhibits release of ADH

A

ANP

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27
Q

Extracellular volume depletion; abrupt decrease in fluid intake or extracellular volume decrease (hemorrhage, diarrhea,etc.); decreased extracellular space and circulatory collapse

A

Hypovolemia

28
Q

Often from sodium retention due to excess ingestion or excess ADH secretion

A

Water excess

29
Q

Extracellular volume excess; serum Na+ level is normal; excessive administration of isotonic solutions or adrenal glucocorticoids; may occur with diseases; expansion of extracellular space and vascular overload

A

Hypervolemia

30
Q

Conscious desire for water; happens when osmolarity reaches 295 mOsm/kg

A

Thirst

31
Q

What is thirst stimulated by?

A
  1. Decreased renal perfusion
  2. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect elevation of osmotic pressure
  3. Local dry mouth from reduced salivation
32
Q

Caused by loss of blood, loss of plasma, loss of body fluids; burns, vomiting, diarrhea

A

Fluid deficit

33
Q

Expansion or accumulation of interstitial fluid; localized or general; pitting or non-pitting

A

Edema

34
Q

Caused by not moving blood from body back into heart, so increased venous pressure and edema in the body

A

Right side CHF

35
Q

Caused by pulmonary edema because blood is not being moved back into the heart from the lungs

A

Left side CHF

36
Q

What is the most common cause of CHF?

A

Increase capillary hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

What causes increased capillary permeability?

A

Think more fluid will be out in the tissue

  1. Blood vessel damage (trauma, burns)
  2. Localized edema from an allergen
  3. Inflammation
38
Q

What does the obstruction of lymphatics cause?

A

Excess fluid in the tissue; more water goes in than goes out; lymphs remove excess fluid from tissue

39
Q

Edema from hypoproteinemia is usually generalized, but pronounced in ______ and ______ from recumbent positioning

A

Eyelids; face

40
Q

Fluid shift:
From vascular to extracellular - similar to fluid volume _______
From extracellular to vascular - similar to fluid volume _______

A

deficit; excess

41
Q

Electrolyte function:

Membrane potential; affects osmolarity of the blood

A

Sodium

42
Q

Electrolyte function:

Membrane potential; muscle activity (heart, intestines, respiratory tract, and neural stem of skeletal m.)

A

Potassium

43
Q

Electrolyte function:

Permeability of cell membranes; imbalances affect bones, kidneys, and GI tract

A

Calcium

44
Q

Electrolyte function:

Neuromuscular integration and parathyroid hormone stim; imbalances cause irritability of nervous system

A

Magnesium

45
Q

Signs and symptoms are paresthesias muscle weakness, muscle wasting, muscle tetany, and bone pain

A

Electrolyte imbalance

46
Q

Normal range of sodium

A

135-145 mEg/L

47
Q

Na+ deficit; Losses may be caused by nausea, vomiting, accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, sequestration of secretions in an obstructed GI tract, excessive sweating in conjunction with excessive water intake, and sequestration of sodium and fluid in burned skin

A

Hyponatremia

48
Q

How would you treat hyponatremia?

A

Involves Na+ replacement, Na+ containing IV fluids, Lactated ringer’s or .9% NaCl solution

49
Q

Na+ excess; due to Na+ gain or water loss; occurs in individuals who are unable to respond to the sensation of thirst, which includes, infants, elderly, people who are mentally ill, and individuals who are immobile

A

Hypernatremia

50
Q

How would you treat hypernatremia?

A

involves fluid replacement either orally or through an IV of 5% dextrose (isotonic) in water or hypotonic saline solution

51
Q

What is the normal serum value for potassium?

A

3.5-5.0 mEg/L

52
Q

K+ deficit; losses related to GI losses and renal losses

A

Hypokalemia

53
Q

K+ excess; may rest from an increased intake of K+, or decreased output or a shift of K+ out of the cells; inadequate renal secretion; trauma that destroys cells and releases excess K+

A

Hyperkalemia

54
Q

What is the normal adult levels of calcium?

A

9.0-10.5 mg/dL

55
Q

When calcium levels increase, phosphate levels _____

A

decrease

56
Q

Electrolyte function:
Works with calcium to support bone formation; primary intracellular ion; 85% in bones; works to keep Ca levels more in the blood

A

Phosphate

57
Q

Calcium deficit; results from poor intake or absorption in GI tract; overcorrection of acidosis

A

Hypocalcemia

58
Q

Calcium excess; due to hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, tumors, multiple fractures, excess intake

A

Hypercalcemia

59
Q

What is the normal serum levels for chloride?

A

90-110 mEg/L

60
Q

Electrolyte function:

Important in maintaining (along with Na+) osmolarity, body water balance, and acid-base balance

A

Chloride

61
Q

Cl- deficit; result from gastric fluid loss, diarrhea, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, continuous IV infusion of 5% dextrose in water, etc.

A

Hypochloremia

62
Q

Cl- excess; result from dehydration, hypernatremia, stomach cancer, adrenal gland hyperactivity, head injuries, and kidney dysfunctions

A

Hyperchloremia

63
Q

What are normal adult magnesium levels?

A

1.2-2.0 mEg/L

64
Q

Magnesium deficit

A

Hypomagnesemia

65
Q

Magnesium excess; chronic renal and adrenal insufficiency, overuse of antacids and laxatives, severe dehydration, near drowning in sea water

A

Hypermagnesemia

66
Q

Normal pH level of the body; limits of pH level?

A

7.35 - 7.45; 7.2-7.55

System Screenings I (23 decks)

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