Cellular Basis of Patho Flashcards
Where are genetic disorders mostly based?
In the nucleus
What consists of filaments and tubules, gives the cell its shape, changes in response to stressors on the cell, and can change how the cell works based on its structure?
Cytoskeleton
Gel that fills up the cell
Hyaloplasm
What is the main organelle for aerobic metabolism?
Mitochondria
What organelle converts chemicals into energy?
Mitochondria
What diseases are inherited by the mother?
Mitochondrial diseases formed by mitochondrial DNA
What mitochondrial disease causes the optic nerve to break down and lead to blindness?
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
What organelle [only] makes proteins?
Ribosomes
What does the rough ER do?
Makes proteins and synthesizes steroids
What does smooth ER do?
Metabolizes drugs and other things?
What organelle takes proteins made by the rough ER and packages them for use somewhere in the cell/body?
Golgi Apparatus
Achondrogenesis type 1A is caused by problems with what organelle’s structure or function?
Golgi Apparatus
What organelle breaks down substances in our cells?
Lysosomes
These types of diseases are caused by large molecules accumulating within the cell, eventually leading to the cell’s death
Lysosome storage diseases
A structure made up of cells of the same category
Tissue
Combined tissues
Organ
More than one organ working together to achieve a certain function
Organ systems
What are the two main ways cells communicate?
Neural and Hormonal
What are the three types of hormonal cells?
- Autocrine
- Paracrine
- Endocrine
Hormonal cell type:
Cell A releases substance A; Substance A binds to cell A. Self-regulating
Autocrine
Hormonal cell type:
Substance releases, diffuses through fluid and has an impact on neighboring cell
Paracrine
Hormonal cell type:
Releases substance, diffuses into blood and has an impact on targets that are far away
Endocrine
With this, you have decreased energy production, decreased activity of the Na/K pump, and the cell swells
Reversible Cell Injury
What is the process of recovery of a reversible cell injury?
- Adverse stimuli removed
- Energy production resumes
- Pump becomes active again
- Water is pumped out
What is the main organelle affected in an irreversible cell injury?
Nuclei
What changes are made to the cell in an irreversible cell injury?
- Nuclear changes
- Rupture of cell membrane
- Cessation of cellular respiration
- Release of cellular contents
What cell contents can be tested for in suspected heart attack victims?
Excess proteins that have been released into the blood
What cell content can further damage the body when cell contents are released in an irreversible cell injury?
K+
What [5 things] can injure cells?
- Hypoxia/anoxia
- Toxins
- Microbes and viruses
- Inflammatory and immune responses
- Genetic and metabolic disturbances
Chemical is the toxin source
Direct toxicity
Toxin has to be metabolized first to become toxic
Indirect toxicity
Tissue is not stimulated enough, decreases in size and cells decrease in size
Atrophy; physiological = things don’t work as well as we age; pathological = response due to pathology
Stimulated tissue causes individual cells to become larger
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell number; i.e., something rubs against the foot and causes a callus
Hyperplasia
Changes in the cell that go back to normal after adverse stimulus is removed
Metaplasia
Cells change and reach a point where the changes are no longer reversible
Dysplasia
Programmed cell death [natural]
Apoptosis
Cells die from something that is not natural
Necrosis
Name the four main types of necrosis.
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Fat necrosis
Most common type of necrosis; tissues die and lysosomes become inactive; often due to anoxia
Coagulative necrosis
Necrosis where dead tissue liquefies and goes away; typical of brain infarcts
Liquefactive necrosis
Necrosis that forms flakey, crumbly substance; typically found in TB and fungal infections
Caseous necrosis
[caseous = cheese]
Special form of liquefactive necrosis; digestive enzymes get into surrounding tissues, break down fat into fatty acids, FA binds and calcium turns into liquid
Fat necrosis
Secondary change in necrotic tissue; mostly occurs in an internal body organ, associated with infection
Wet gangrene
Secondary change in necrotic tissue; tissue dies, dries out and becomes mummified
Dry gangrene; typically has better outcome than wet gangrene
Secondary change in necrotic tissue; happens when tissues die and attracts calcium deposits that build up over time
Dystrophic calcification
