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System Screenings I > Cellular Basis of Patho > Flashcards

Cellular Basis of Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Where are genetic disorders mostly based?

A

In the nucleus

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2
Q

What consists of filaments and tubules, gives the cell its shape, changes in response to stressors on the cell, and can change how the cell works based on its structure?

A

Cytoskeleton

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3
Q

Gel that fills up the cell

A

Hyaloplasm

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4
Q

What is the main organelle for aerobic metabolism?

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

What organelle converts chemicals into energy?

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

What diseases are inherited by the mother?

A

Mitochondrial diseases formed by mitochondrial DNA

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7
Q

What mitochondrial disease causes the optic nerve to break down and lead to blindness?

A

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

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8
Q

What organelle [only] makes proteins?

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Makes proteins and synthesizes steroids

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10
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

Metabolizes drugs and other things?

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11
Q

What organelle takes proteins made by the rough ER and packages them for use somewhere in the cell/body?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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12
Q

Achondrogenesis type 1A is caused by problems with what organelle’s structure or function?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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13
Q

What organelle breaks down substances in our cells?

A

Lysosomes

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14
Q

These types of diseases are caused by large molecules accumulating within the cell, eventually leading to the cell’s death

A

Lysosome storage diseases

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15
Q

A structure made up of cells of the same category

A

Tissue

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16
Q

Combined tissues

A

Organ

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17
Q

More than one organ working together to achieve a certain function

A

Organ systems

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18
Q

What are the two main ways cells communicate?

A

Neural and Hormonal

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19
Q

What are the three types of hormonal cells?

A
  1. Autocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Endocrine
20
Q

Hormonal cell type:

Cell A releases substance A; Substance A binds to cell A. Self-regulating

A

Autocrine

21
Q

Hormonal cell type:

Substance releases, diffuses through fluid and has an impact on neighboring cell

A

Paracrine

22
Q

Hormonal cell type:

Releases substance, diffuses into blood and has an impact on targets that are far away

A

Endocrine

23
Q

With this, you have decreased energy production, decreased activity of the Na/K pump, and the cell swells

A

Reversible Cell Injury

24
Q

What is the process of recovery of a reversible cell injury?

A
  • Adverse stimuli removed
  • Energy production resumes
  • Pump becomes active again
  • Water is pumped out
25
Q

What is the main organelle affected in an irreversible cell injury?

A

Nuclei

26
Q

What changes are made to the cell in an irreversible cell injury?

A
  • Nuclear changes
  • Rupture of cell membrane
  • Cessation of cellular respiration
  • Release of cellular contents
27
Q

What cell contents can be tested for in suspected heart attack victims?

A

Excess proteins that have been released into the blood

28
Q

What cell content can further damage the body when cell contents are released in an irreversible cell injury?

A

K+

29
Q

What [5 things] can injure cells?

A
  1. Hypoxia/anoxia
  2. Toxins
  3. Microbes and viruses
  4. Inflammatory and immune responses
  5. Genetic and metabolic disturbances
30
Q

Chemical is the toxin source

A

Direct toxicity

31
Q

Toxin has to be metabolized first to become toxic

A

Indirect toxicity

32
Q

Tissue is not stimulated enough, decreases in size and cells decrease in size

A

Atrophy; physiological = things don’t work as well as we age; pathological = response due to pathology

33
Q

Stimulated tissue causes individual cells to become larger

A

Hypertrophy

34
Q

Increase in cell number; i.e., something rubs against the foot and causes a callus

A

Hyperplasia

35
Q

Changes in the cell that go back to normal after adverse stimulus is removed

A

Metaplasia

36
Q

Cells change and reach a point where the changes are no longer reversible

A

Dysplasia

37
Q

Programmed cell death [natural]

A

Apoptosis

38
Q

Cells die from something that is not natural

A

Necrosis

39
Q

Name the four main types of necrosis.

A
  1. Coagulative necrosis
  2. Liquefactive necrosis
  3. Caseous necrosis
  4. Fat necrosis
40
Q

Most common type of necrosis; tissues die and lysosomes become inactive; often due to anoxia

A

Coagulative necrosis

41
Q

Necrosis where dead tissue liquefies and goes away; typical of brain infarcts

A

Liquefactive necrosis

42
Q

Necrosis that forms flakey, crumbly substance; typically found in TB and fungal infections

A

Caseous necrosis

[caseous = cheese]

43
Q

Special form of liquefactive necrosis; digestive enzymes get into surrounding tissues, break down fat into fatty acids, FA binds and calcium turns into liquid

A

Fat necrosis

44
Q

Secondary change in necrotic tissue; mostly occurs in an internal body organ, associated with infection

A

Wet gangrene

45
Q

Secondary change in necrotic tissue; tissue dies, dries out and becomes mummified

A

Dry gangrene; typically has better outcome than wet gangrene

46
Q

Secondary change in necrotic tissue; happens when tissues die and attracts calcium deposits that build up over time

A

Dystrophic calcification

System Screenings I (23 decks)

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