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First Semester (BSMT) > NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENT WITH COMPASSES PRELIM > Flashcards

NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENT WITH COMPASSES PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

It is the method of navigation used by mariners that uses landmarks as reference points, ship’s stability, fuel consumption and ship’s speed a!ong with tides and currents

A

TERRESTRIAL NAVIGATION

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2
Q

plots positions in relation to the stars and other celestial bodies

A

CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

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3
Q

is the angular distance in degrees, minutes and seconds of a point north or south of the Equator

A

LATITUDE (shown as a horizontal line

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4
Q

Lines of latitude are often referred to as

A

PARALLELS

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5
Q

is the angular distance in degrees, minutes and seconds of a point east or west of the Prime(Greenwich) meridian

A

LONGITUDE (shown as a vertical line

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6
Q

Lines of !ongitude are often referred to as

A

MERIDIANS

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7
Q

determines position by advancing a known position for courses and distances

A

Dead reckoning (DR)

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8
Q

A position so determined is called a

A

Dead reckoning (DR)

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9
Q

Correcting the DR position for leeway, current effects, and steering error result in an

A

estimated position (EP)

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10
Q

Types of navigation are

A

Piloting, Celestial navigation, Radio navigation, Radar navigation, Satellite navigation

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11
Q

involves navigating in restricted waters with frequent or constant determination of position relative to nearby geographic and hydrographic features

A

Piloting

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12
Q

involves reducing celestial measurements taken with a sextant to lines of position using calculators or computer programs, orby hand with almanacs and tables or using spherical trigonometry

A

Celestial navigation

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13
Q

uses radio waves to determine position through a variety of electronic devices

A

Radio navigation

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14
Q

uses radar to determine the distance from or bearing of objects whose position is known. This process is separate from radar’s use in collision avoidance.

A

Radar navigation

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15
Q

uses radio signals from satellites for determining position

A

Satellite navigation

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16
Q

is a tower, building or other types of structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a navigational aid for maritime pilots at sea or on in; and waterways

A

lighthouse

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17
Q

is a distinctively shaped and marked float, sometimes carrying a signal, anchored to mark a channel, anchorage, navigational hazard, etc or to provide a mooring place away from the shore

A

buoy

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18
Q

Ability to determine the ship’s position by use of electronic navigational aids

A

KUP 1

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19
Q

is a type of conic section. it is a curve formed by the intersection of a cone and a plane

A

hyperbola

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20
Q

three types of conic sections

A

parabolas, ellipses, and circles

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21
Q

is created when the plane intersects both halves of a double cone, creating two curves that look exactly like each other, but open in opposite directions

A

hyperbola

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22
Q

this occurs when the angle between the axis of the cone and the plane is less than the angle between aline on the side of the cone and the plane

A

hyperbola

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23
Q

the locus of points with a constant difference in distance from two reference points is a

A

hyperbola

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24
Q

A land-based, high power, hyperbolic radio navigation system which enables ships and aircraft to determine their position and speed from low frequency radio signals

A

LORAN

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25
Q

LORAN Components:

A
  1. Transmitting stations 2. LORAN receiver and antenna 3. LORAN charts
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26
Q

ORAN stations operations are organized into sub-groups of four to six stations called

A

CHAINS

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27
Q

LORAN UNIT

A
  1. Signal Processor 2. NavigationComputer 3. Control andDisplay
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28
Q

It converts time difference values to location corresponding latitude and longitude.

A

NAVIGATION COMPUTER

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29
Q

suffers from electronic effects of weather and the ionosphere effects of sunrise and sunset

A

LORAN

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30
Q

results when one LoranLOP crosses another LOP in two separate places

A

Fix ambiguity

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31
Q

would resolve the ambiguity.

A

third LOP

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32
Q

comprises advancement in receiver design and transmission characteristics which increase the accuracy and usefulness of traditional LORAN

A

Enhanced LORAN, also known as eLORAN or E-LORAN

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33
Q

includes additional pulses which can transmit auxiliary data such as GPS corrections

A

eLORAN

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34
Q

started with the launch of the U.S Department of Defense GlobalPositioning System (GPS) in the late 1970’s

A

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems)

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35
Q

GNSS systems currently include

A
  • GPS (United States)* GLONASS (Russia)* Galileo (European Union)* BeiDou (China)
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36
Q

GNSS satellite systems consists of three major components or “segments:

A
  • Space Segment* Control Segment* User Segment
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37
Q

comprises of a ground-based network of master control stations, data uploading stations, and monitor stations

A

control segment

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38
Q

adjust the satellites’ orbit parameters and on-board high-precision clocks when necessary to maintain accuracy

A

Master control stations

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39
Q

monitor the satellites’ signal and status, and relay this information to the master control station

A

Monitor stations

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40
Q

uploads any change in satellite status back to the satellites

A

Uploading stations

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41
Q

consists of GNSS antennas and receivers used to determine information such as position, velocity, and time

A

User segment

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42
Q

is the best known of these satellite navigation systems.

A

Global Position System (NAVSTARGPS)

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43
Q

Main elements of the satellite navigation system

A

-Space segment-Earth segment-Users segment

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44
Q

is the standard generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage.

A

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

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45
Q

is very important. The time it takes a GNSS signal to travel from satellites to receiver is used to determine distances (range)to satellites

A

Timing accuracy

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46
Q

1 microsecond =

A

300m

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47
Q

1 nanosecond =

A

30 cm

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48
Q

a portion of the radio spectrum between 1 and 2 GHz

A

L-band

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49
Q

transmits a navigation message, the coarse acquisition (C/A) code which is freely available to public

A

L1

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50
Q

called the P(Y) code(restricted access), is transmitted on both L1 and L2

A

encrypted precision (P) code

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51
Q

Three signals are transmitted at the moment byGPS in L1

A

C/A Code, P(Y) Code and M-Code.

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52
Q

Since the computed range contains errors and is not exactly equal to the actual range, we refer to it as a

A

“pseudorange”

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53
Q

The ionosphere contributes to most of the atmospheric error. It resides at _ above the earth’s surface

A

70 to 1000 km

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54
Q

Free electrons resides in the ionosphere, influencing

A

electromagnetic wave propagation

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55
Q

are frequency dependent. It can be virtually eliminated by calculating the range using bothL1 and L2

A

Ionospheric delay

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56
Q

the lowest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, contributes to delays due to local temperature, pressure and relative humidity

A

troposphere

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57
Q

Receivers need at least _ to obtain a position.

A

4 satellites

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58
Q

are modulated by a unique pseudorandom digital sequence, or code. Each satellite uses a different pseudorandom code

A

GNSS signals

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59
Q

means that the signal appears random, but actually repeats itself after a period of time

A

Pseudorandom

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60
Q

For each satellite tracked, the receiver determines the

A

propagation time

61
Q

a term used to describe the strength of a satellite configuration on the accuracy of data collected with GPS receivers. W

A

DOP (dilution of precision) is

62
Q

The orbital period of each satellite is approximately

A

12 hours

63
Q

At any point in time, a GPS receiver will have at least _ in view at any point on Earth under open sky conditions

A

6satellites

64
Q

Each satellite is identified by their _

A

Space Vehicle Number(SVN) and theirPseudoRandom codeNumber (PRN

65
Q

GPS signals are based on

A

CDMA technology

66
Q

tracks the satellite broadcast sign a land pass them on to the master control station where the ephemerides are recalculated

A

monitor stations

67
Q

used to calculate the position of each satellite in orbit, and information about the time and status of the entire satellite constellation, called the almanac

A

ephemeris data

68
Q

is responsible for doing everything from performing calculations, to providing the analog circuitry for the antenna, to power control, to the user interface

A

GPS chipset

69
Q

is a specific type ofGPS receiver. DGPS receivers have additional antenna that receive signals not only from satellites but directly from ground stations.

A

DGPS - Differential GPS or DGPS

70
Q

GPS receivers send serial data out of a transmit pin (TX) at a specific bit rate. The most common is 9600bps for 1Hz receivers but 57600bps is becoming more common

A

Baud Rate

71
Q

When a GPS receiver has a lock or fix, there are at least 4 satellites in good view and you can get accurate position and time

A

Lock or Fix

72
Q

The mathematical method used to calculate position using multiple reference points

A

Trilateration

73
Q

The time it takes, after power-on ,to accurately compute your position and time using atleast 4 satellites.

A

TTFF - Time to first fix

74
Q

is how often it calculates and reports its position. The standard for most devices is 1Hz (once per second

A

Update Rate

75
Q

is a network of ground based stations (in North America)that transmit correction data back to the satellites

A

WAAS, or wide area augmentation system

76
Q

which is freely available to the public

A

coarse/acquisition (C/A) code

77
Q

usually reserved for military application

A

restricted precision (P)code

78
Q

is one of the signals broadcast on the L1 carrier. This code is only broadcast on the L1 carrier.

A

Coarse Acquisition Code, or C/A code

79
Q

The other signals on the L1carrier are the

A

Precise Code, or P code

80
Q

is used by civilian receivers to locate position

A

C/A code

81
Q

is the distance from the receiver to the satellite

A

range

82
Q

This is the error in the offset of the GPS measurement of the pseudorandom code and the time recorded by the satellite for the data

A

Receiver Clock Error

83
Q

is an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed terrestrial reference system and geodetic datum

A

WGS84

84
Q

is the datum used by the Global Positioning System (GPS)

A

World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84)

85
Q

Most of the admiralty chart referred to a local data but position obtained from the GPS system refers t

A

WGS 84 data.

86
Q

basically consist of any number of base stations that are distributed over a large area on the ground and generate with the help of master stations correction data for each region

A

Space-Based-Augmentation-Systems (SBAS)

87
Q

is a Japanese satellite based augmentation system (SBAS), i.e. a satellite navigation system which supports differential GPS (DGPS) to supplement the GPS system by reporting (then improving) on the reliability and accuracy of those signals

A

MTSAT orMSAS

88
Q

is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the 15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations

A

Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS

89
Q

These ground stations may be up to_ from the receiver, and it is important to note that accuracy deteriorates the further you are from the ground station

A

200 nautical miles

90
Q

send their measurements to master stations which send the corrections to WAAS satellites every 5 seconds or quicker

A

ground stations

91
Q

Europe’s global navigation system

A

GALILEO

92
Q

The Galileo navigation signals will provide good coverage even at latitudes up to -, which corresponds to the North Cape, and beyond

A

75 degrees north

93
Q

Galileo will have 5 main services

A
  1. Open access navigation 2. Commercial navigation 3. Safety of life navigation4. Public regulated navigation 5. . Search and rescue- system
94
Q

is an international tracking and identification system incorporated by the IMO under its SOLAS convention to ensure a thorough tracking system for ships across the world.

A

Long RangeTracking andIdentification (LRIT

95
Q

has always the right to access the information for ships in its own registeR

A

Flag state

96
Q

has the right to access when a ship has declared its intention to go to a port in that state - but not if the ship is in the territorial waters of another state

A

Port state

97
Q

has the right to access for ships within 1000 Nm from its coast - but not if the ship is in the the territorial waters of another state

A

Coastal state

98
Q

sends a signal to the pulse generator which triggers a pulse and simultaneously starts the recorder trace

A

recorder

99
Q

is a type of SONAR (originally an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging) used to determine the depth of water by transmitting sound pulses into wate

A

Echo Sounder

100
Q

converts the electric energy into sound energy producing a pulse.

A

Transducer

101
Q

Which sends a powerful electric pulse to the Transducer

A

Transmitter

102
Q

converts the received sound energy of the echo into an electric pulse and sends it to the receiver

A

Transducer

103
Q

which has been at a speed proportional to the speed of sound, creates a physical mark on a paper or a visual blip or a digital signal for the recorder.

A

stylus

104
Q

The determination of position by advancing a known previously fixed position for courses and distances

A

dead reckoning

105
Q

Navigation that involves frequent and/or constant determination of position in relation to geographic & hydro-graphic features in the vicinity

A

piloting

106
Q

A conic section is formed by the intersection of a cone and a plane, which of the following is NOT a conic section?

A

sphere

107
Q

Where a vessel’s position has been determined by the application of leeway, current, wind & wave effects on it’s track, it is termed as:

A

dead reckoning

108
Q

The act of directing a ship, aircraft, etc. from one place to another, or the science of finding a way from one place to another

A

navigation

109
Q

The angular distance in degrees, minutes and seconds of a point north or south of the Equator and they are also referred to as parallels

A

latitude

110
Q

It involves reduction of measurements done on heavenly bodies to lines of position:

A

celestial navigation

111
Q

A tall structure equipped with lighting systems that serve to aid mariners in navigation at sea:

A

lighthouse

112
Q

A type of clock which provides high positional accuracy for transmitted LORAN-C signals

A

atomic clock

113
Q

The angular distance in degrees, minutes and seconds of a point east or west of the Prime (Greenwich) meridian:

A

longitude

114
Q

The Arctic & Antarctic Circles are located where?

A

66 degree 34’ N & S of the Equator

115
Q

The Earth’s coordinates: these lines are often referred to as meridians.

A

longitude

116
Q

Transmitted radio energies in the form of waves that follow the curvature of the earth are called

A

ground waves

117
Q

Navigational method where landmarks are used as reference points in the determination of the vessel’s position along it’s intended track:

A

terrestrial navigation

118
Q

The use of electronic wave transmissions to determine position using various devices:

A

radio navigation

119
Q

GALILEO Satellites will have an operating lifespan of how many years?

A

12

120
Q

The GLONASS System use 24 satellites that use ‘antipodal’ orbits, which means that each satellite is on the same orbital plane but is separated by how many degrees?

A

180 degrees

121
Q

Differential GPS (DGPS) uses the difference between the satellite reading and the reading from the

A

ground location station

122
Q

Satellite Navigation Systems comprise the following components EXCEPT Choose the correct answer.

A

land segment

123
Q

GALILEO Satellites have 3 orbital planes, and will have how many degrees of inclination

A

56 degrees

124
Q

Galileo satellites will operate at an orbit altitude of 23,222 kilometers. This height is classified as

A

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

125
Q

The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) can provide an accuracy of:

A

1.5 m vertical, 1 m lateral

126
Q

A distinctively shaped and marked float, sometimes carrying a signal, anchored to mark a channel, anchorage, navigational hazard, etc or to provide a mooring place away from the shore

A

buoy

127
Q

The GALILEO System is designed to give good coverage up to how many degrees latitude North?

A

75 degrees

128
Q

A unique number having 9 digits which is assigned to radio stations including ship stations

A

MMSI number

129
Q

An echo sounder utilizes which frequency type from the below choices?

A

Low Frequency

130
Q

Satellites now have augmentation systems which are primarily designed to provide

A

accuracy & precision

131
Q

shown as horizontal line

A

latitude

132
Q

vertical line

A

longitude

133
Q

Measurement of constant time-differences and, hence, constant distance difference places the receiver

A

HYPERBOLIC LINE-OF-POSITION

134
Q

class of navigation systems based on the difference timing between the reception of two signals, without reference to a common clock (this timing reveals the difference in distance from the receiver to the two stations)

A

HYPERBOLIC NAVIGATION

135
Q

Plotting all of the potential locations of the receiver for the measured delay

A

hyperbolic lines

136
Q

1989, there were _ Loran-C chains comprising 67 stations and transmitting on 100 kHz; year 2000 this had grown to 28 chains

A

16

137
Q

operates in the 90 to 110 kHz frequency band

A

LORAN (LONG RANGE NAVIGATION)

138
Q

became operational in 1958 and has been in service since then primarily serving the maritime
community

A

LORAN (LONG RANGE NAVIGATION

139
Q

first developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during World War II for military ships and aircraft located within 600 miles of the American coast

A

Loran

140
Q

loran was first developed at the _ during World War II for military ships and aircraft located within 600 miles of the American coast

A

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

141
Q

was extended to cover most of the continental United States and, in cooperation with
Canada and Russia, Canadian waters and the Bering sea; numerous other countries have deployed loran-like systems as well.

A

loran c

142
Q

LORAN COMPONENTS

A
  1. Transmitting stations
  2. LORAN receiver & antenna
  3. LORAN charts
143
Q

One station in the chain is designated the

A

master

144
Q

is to calculate the time between reception of the signals from the MASTER and SLAVE stations, which are emitted at different frequencies, at low or very low bands 90 kHz-110 kHz in pulse group and has power of 400-1600 kilowatts*

A

theory

145
Q

LORAN UNIT

A

navigation computer, signal processor, control and display

146
Q

a. Preset Position in Latitude-Longitude and/or relative to a destination, waypoint or check
point
b. Bearing and distance to your destination
c. Ground speed and estimated time en route

A

control and display

147
Q

receives the signals and measures the difference between the time of arrival of each
secondary station pulse group and the master station pulse group; time difference depend on the location of the receiver on the aircraft/ship in relation to the three or more transmitters; each time difference value is measured to a precision of about 0.1 microsecond

A

signal processor

148
Q

have serious effects as with any radio based system

A

magnetic storms

First Semester (BSMT) (22 decks)

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