Mutations Deck (E3)

Question 1

What are the 2 primary genotype classifications?

Answer 1

Wild type & mutant

Question 2

What 3 effects can mutations have on an organism?

Answer 2

1) Silent
2) Beneficial
3) Harmful

Question 3

Change in a single base.

Answer 3

What is a point mutation?

Question 4

What is the difference between an insertion and a deletion?

Answer 4

Insertion - addition of one or more bases

Deletion - subtraction of one or more bases

Question 5

With this mutation, DNA is flipped in orientation.

Answer 5

What is inversion?

Question 6

With this mutation, DNA mutates back to its original sequence.

Answer 6

What is reversion?

Question 7

This mutation depicts no change in amino acid sequence.

Answer 7

What is a silent mutation?

Question 8

This mutation depicts a change in one amino acid in sequence to another.

Answer 8

What is a missense mutation?

Question 9

This mutation depicts a change that causes an amino acid sequence to end prematurely, resulting in a stop codon.

Answer 9

What is a nonsense mutation?

Question 10

This mutation changes the reading frame of a gene.

Answer 10

What is a frame-shift mutation?

Question 11

Physical or chemical agents that induce mutations.

Answer 11

What is a mutagen?

Question 12

Spontaneous mutations occur in the { } of a mutagen.

Answer 12

Absence

Question 13

What are 3 possible causes for spontaneous mutations?

Answer 13

1) Replication error
2) Metabolic damage
3) Transposons

Question 14

What is the function of the enzyme transposase?

Answer 14

To move discrete DNA segments across the genome without an RNA intermediate

Question 15

Another name for transposase.

Answer 15

What is an insertable sequence (IS)?

Question 16

What do composite transposons do?

Answer 16

Carry other genes i.e., DNA segments flanked with 2 similar IS sequences

Question 17

What 3 enzymes help with excision repair?

Answer 17

1) Endonuclease
2) DNA ligase
3) DNA polymerase

Question 18

What are 2 methods of light repair (i.e., repair to DNA damaged by UV light)?

Answer 18

1) Direct repair
2) Photolyase

Question 19

What type of light prompts photolyase to work?

Answer 19

Visible light

Question 20

How does photolyase fix nucleotide dimers in DNA strands?

Answer 20

Visible light stimulates the enzyme to break the 2 pi bonds between the nucleotides

Question 21

What is the purpose of induced mutations?

Answer 21

To demonstrate the function of a particular gene or set of genes

Question 22

What type of assay does the Ames test use?

Answer 22

Mutational reversion

Question 23

What is the purpose of the Ames test?

Answer 23

Testing the mutagenicity of compounds

Question 24

The Ames test requires a histidine auxotroph. What does this mean?

Answer 24

A histidine auxotroph is a mutant organism requiring a particular nutrient to grow. In this instance, that nutrient is histidine

Question 25

This type of selection detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different.

Answer 25

What is positive or direct?

Question 26

This type of selection detects mutant cells because they do not grow.

Answer 26

What is negative or indirect?

Question 27

What is the difference between positive and negative selection regarding the wild type?

Answer 27

Positive - eliminates wild type (b/c of mutagen)

Negative - selects for wild type

Question 28

What is the difference between a mutant and a wild type?

Answer 28

Mutant - result of induced or spontaneous mutation

Wild type - all-natural w/o the mutations