Epidemiology Deck (Final)

Question 1

Number of new cases of the disease within a specific time frame

Answer 1

What is incidence?

Question 2

Total number of cases at that point in time (no matter when they were diagnosed)

Answer 2

What is prevalence?

Question 3

Relative incidence rate at a population level

Answer 3

What is morbidity?

Question 4

How many individuals died from the disease

Answer 4

What is mortality?

Question 5

Always present at a detectable level, low rate/incidence

Answer 5

What is endemic?

Question 6

Occasional in a non-endemic area

Answer 6

What is sporadic?

Question 7

Sudden increase well above the expected number of cases over a wider geographical range

Answer 7

What is epidemic?

Question 8

Epidemic that is across multiple continents

Answer 8

What is pandemic?

Question 9

Place for a pathogen to persist and maintain its ability to cause disease

Answer 9

What is reservoir?

Question 10

Any living organism that can carry a pathogen

Answer 10

What are vectors?

Question 11

What are the 3 components of the epidemiologic triad?

Answer 11

1) Host
2) Pathogen
3) Environment

Question 12

What is the difference between propagated and common source epidemics?

Answer 12

Propagated - pathogen transmitted from one susceptible host to another, gradual increase in incidence

Common source - all susceptible individuals exposed to pathogen, sudden increase in incidence over time

Question 13

What are the 3 types of reservoirs of infectious disease?

Answer 13

1) Human
2) Non-human animals
3) Environmental (non-living)

Question 14

Non-human animal reservoirs harbor { } diseases, which can be transferred between humans and animals

Answer 14

Zoonotic

Question 15

Process of a successful pathogen being passed from reservoir to next susceptible host

Answer 15

What is transmission?

Question 16

What are the 3 forms of transmission?

Answer 16

1) Contact
2) Vehicle
3) Vector

Question 17

This type of contact involves one person physically touching another; hands are the main source of contact

Answer 17

What is direct?

Question 18

This type of contact involves transmission via inanimate objects or fomites

Answer 18

What is indirect?

Question 19

This type of contact involves respiratory droplets within 3 feet of release

Answer 19

What is droplet transmission?

Question 20

Vehicle transmission passes pathogens through these 3 elements

Answer 20

What are food, water, & air?

Question 21

What is the difference between mechanical and biological vectors?

Answer 21

Mechanical - pathogen passively transported on carrier body

Biological - pathogen lives most of its life cycle within the host i.e., mosquitoes

Question 22

What is the difference between horizontal and transovarial vector transmission?

Answer 22

Horizontal - infected to non-infected host

Transovarial - vertical transmission to offspring

Question 23

The most common vectors are…

Answer 23

Arthropods

Question 24

Type of immunity when a large percentage of the population is immune to a specific disease

Answer 24

What is herd immunity?

Question 25

How is herd immunity achieved?

Answer 25

When enough of the population have either been vaccinated or have developed the antibodies from infection; if enough people are immune, the “herd” is protected

Question 26

Healthcare-associated and nosocomial infections are { } infections (HINT: hyphenated term).

Answer 26

Hospital-acquired

Question 27

What 3 factors constitute an HAI/nosocomial infection?

Answer 27

1) Microbes in hospital
2) Immunocompromised patients
3) Transmission of pathogens between staff & patients

Question 28

How can HAI/nosocomial infections be prevented?

Answer 28

Handwashing, wearing & regularly changing PPE, sterilizing equipment, etc.

Question 29

Name 4 disease eradication efforts.

Answer 29

1) Improving sanitation
2) Reservoir elimination
3) Vector control
4) Vaccination/chemotherapy

Question 30

Name 3 reasons why all infectious diseases aren’t eradicated.

Answer 30

1) Unknown/wild animal reservoirs
2) Microbial evolution
3) Human complacency

Question 31

Name the 4 mechanisms public health agencies use to control disease transmission.

Answer 31

1) Isolation
2) Quarantine
3) Immunization
4) Vector control