Cell Structure & Function Deck: Prokaryotes Edition (Exam 1)

Question 1

The fundamental unit of life.

Answer 1

What are cells?

Question 2

What is the primary evidence for the three domains (Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya)?

Answer 2

rRNA sequences

Question 3

What is the key difference between prokaryotic & eukaryotic organelles?

Answer 3

Prokaryotic organelles are not membrane-bound

Question 4

This prokaryotic arrangement is grouped in 2’s.

Answer 4

What is diplo?

Question 5

This prokaryotic arrangement will depict chains of bacteria.

Answer 5

What is strepto?

Question 6

This prokaryotic arrangement appears as a cluster of circles.

Answer 6

What is staphylo?

Question 7

What are the 3 purposes of a cell wall?

Answer 7

1) Determine cell shape
2) Protect from osmotic pressure
3) Contribute to virulence

Question 8

What part of the prokaryotic cell do antibiotics target?

Answer 8

Cell wall

Question 9

What is the primary component/compound of the bacterial cell wall?

Answer 9

Peptidoglycan

Question 10

Can you find peptidoglycan in a plant’s cell wall? Why?

Answer 10

No, you will only find peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

Question 11

Additional structure of gram-negative stains composed of lipid A toxin & polysaccharide chains.

Answer 11

What is lipopolysaccharide?

Question 12

What exactly is lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

Answer 12

The outer leaflet of the outer bacterial membrane

Question 13

What color is a gram-positive stain?

Answer 13

Purple

Question 14

What color is a gram-negative stain?

Answer 14

Pink

Question 15

The acronym CrIES refers to the reagents used for gram-staining. What are these reagents i.e. what does CrIES stand for?

Answer 15

Cr - Crystal violet
I - Iodine
E - Ethanol
S - Safranin

Question 16

How do you identify bacteria using cell morphology (shape) & gram reactions?

Answer 16

You don’t. You can’t. It’s not possible.

Question 17

What are the 2 components of an archaeal cell wall?

Answer 17

1) Pseudopeptidoglycan
2) S-layer

Question 18

What are the 3 general functions of a bacterial capsule?

Answer 18

1) Protection
2) Attachment
3) Nutrient storage

Question 19

List the 3 bacterial “walls/barriers” in order of innermost to outermost.

Answer 19

1) Plasma membrane
2) Cell wall
3) Capsule

Question 20

What is one major component in eukaryotic cell membranes but not bacterial ones?

Answer 20

Sterols

Question 21

What makes up the bacterial cell membrane?

Answer 21

Phospholipids w/ proteins

Question 22

What are the five bacterial membrane protein functions?

Answer 22

1) Support/protection
2) Signaling/communication
3) Removing toxins
4) Transportation (in/out of cell)
5) Concentration gradients for energy processing

Question 23

What are the 2 major factors affecting the permeability of the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 23

1) Hydrophilicity
2) Size

Question 24

In which direction does the concentration gradient go for passive transport?

Answer 24

High to low

Question 25

Name 3 passive transport processes.

Answer 25

1) Simple diffusion 2) Facilitated diffusion 3) Osmosis

Question 26

Passive movement of water is driven by { } concentration.

Answer 26

Solute

Question 27

Movement of water from high to low along the concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 27

What is osmosis?

Question 28

Tonicity of solution describes { } concentration.

Answer 28

Solute

Question 29

A solution with more solute than water (solvent) would be...

Answer 29

Hypertonic

Question 30

A solution with less solute than water (solvent) would be...

Answer 30

Hypotonic

Question 31

A solution with equal amounts of solute and water (solvent) would be...

Answer 31

Isotonic

Question 32

What is the main difference between active and passive transport processes?

Answer 32

Active processes require ATP

Question 33

Why do active processes require ATP?

Answer 33

Materials are moving from low to high against the concentration gradient

Question 34

What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?

Answer 34

1) Binary fission 2) Budding 3) Fragmenting 4) Spores

Question 35

What is the most common method for bacterial asexual reproduction?

Answer 35

Binary fission

Question 36

In which 3 ways is the archaeal genome similar to bacteria?

Answer 36

1) Circular genome 2) Gene size/density 3) Operons

Question 37

In which 2 ways is the archaeal genome similar to eukaryotes?

Answer 37

1) Introns 2) Histone proteins

Question 38

Small, extragenomic circular DNA that can replicate independently.

Answer 38

What are plasmids?

Question 39

How are plasmids exchanged between bacterial cells?

Answer 39

Conjugation

Question 40

What is a plasmid's purpose?

Answer 40

To carry nonessential but beneficial information

Question 41

What 2 molecules make up ribosomes?

Answer 41

1) Riboprotein 2) Ribosomal RNA

Question 42

1 small, 1 large

Answer 42

What are the 2 subunits of a ribosome?

Question 43

70S ribosomes belong to...

Answer 43

Prokaryotes

Question 44

80S ribosomes belong to...

Answer 44

Eukaryotes

Question 45

What 2 structures are antibiotics designed to target?

Answer 45

1) Cell wall 2) 70S ribosome

Question 46

What protein are flagella made of?

Answer 46

Flagellin

Question 47

What is the purpose of flagella?

Answer 47

Movement

Question 47

Flagella are related to a term called "chemotaxis." What does this mean?

Answer 47

It's cell movement in response to chemical stimulus

Question 47

Bundles of endoflagella that spiral around a cell.

Answer 47

What are axial filaments?

Question 48

In which bacterial shape will you find axial filaments?

Answer 48

In spirochete bacteria only

Question 49

What is the function of sex pili?

Answer 49

DNA exchange

Question 50

What is the purpose of an endospore?

Answer 50

To preserve the integrity of a cell's genetic material in times of extreme stress e.g. heat, chemicals, UV light

Question 51

Gram-positive bacteria have a { } cell wall with { } layers of { }, { } acids, and a { } (S) layer.

Answer 51

1) Thick 2) Multiple 3) PTG 4) Teichoic 5) Surface

Question 52

Gram-negative bacteria have a { } cell wall with no { } acids, { } on their outer membrane, and they rarely have an { } layer.

Answer 52

1) Thin 2) Teichoic 3) Porins 4) S

Question 53

Regarding attachment proteins, archaea have { } while bacteria have { }.

Answer 53

1) Hami 2) Fimbriae