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General Microbiology > Cell Structure & Function Deck: Prokaryotes Edition (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Cell Structure & Function Deck: Prokaryotes Edition (Exam 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The fundamental unit of life.

A

What are cells?

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2
Q

What is the primary evidence for the three domains (Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya)?

A

rRNA sequences

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3
Q

What is the key difference between prokaryotic & eukaryotic organelles?

A

Prokaryotic organelles are not membrane-bound

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4
Q

This prokaryotic arrangement is grouped in 2’s.

A

What is diplo?

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5
Q

This prokaryotic arrangement will depict chains of bacteria.

A

What is strepto?

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6
Q

This prokaryotic arrangement appears as a cluster of circles.

A

What is staphylo?

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7
Q

What are the 3 purposes of a cell wall?

A

1) Determine cell shape
2) Protect from osmotic pressure
3) Contribute to virulence

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8
Q

What part of the prokaryotic cell do antibiotics target?

A

Cell wall

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9
Q

What is the primary component/compound of the bacterial cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

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10
Q

Can you find peptidoglycan in a plant’s cell wall? Why?

A

No, you will only find peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

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11
Q

Additional structure of gram-negative stains composed of lipid A toxin & polysaccharide chains.

A

What is lipopolysaccharide?

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12
Q

What exactly is lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

The outer leaflet of the outer bacterial membrane

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13
Q

What color is a gram-positive stain?

A

Purple

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14
Q

What color is a gram-negative stain?

A

Pink

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15
Q

The acronym CrIES refers to the reagents used for gram-staining. What are these reagents i.e. what does CrIES stand for?

A

Cr - Crystal violet
I - Iodine
E - Ethanol
S - Safranin

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16
Q

How do you identify bacteria using cell morphology (shape) & gram reactions?

A

You don’t. You can’t. It’s not possible.

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17
Q

What are the 2 components of an archaeal cell wall?

A

1) Pseudopeptidoglycan
2) S-layer

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18
Q

What are the 3 general functions of a bacterial capsule?

A

1) Protection
2) Attachment
3) Nutrient storage

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19
Q

List the 3 bacterial “walls/barriers” in order of innermost to outermost.

A

1) Plasma membrane
2) Cell wall
3) Capsule

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20
Q

What is one major component in eukaryotic cell membranes but not bacterial ones?

A

Sterols

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21
Q

What makes up the bacterial cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids w/ proteins

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22
Q

What are the five bacterial membrane protein functions?

A

1) Support/protection
2) Signaling/communication
3) Removing toxins
4) Transportation (in/out of cell)
5) Concentration gradients for energy processing

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23
Q

What are the 2 major factors affecting the permeability of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

1) Hydrophilicity
2) Size

24
Q

In which direction does the concentration gradient go for passive transport?

A

High to low

25
Q

Name 3 passive transport processes.

A

1) Simple diffusion
2) Facilitated diffusion
3) Osmosis

26
Q

Passive movement of water is driven by { } concentration.

A

Solute

27
Q

Movement of water from high to low along the concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

What is osmosis?

28
Q

Tonicity of solution describes { } concentration.

A

Solute

29
Q

A solution with more solute than water (solvent) would be…

A

Hypertonic

30
Q

A solution with less solute than water (solvent) would be…

A

Hypotonic

31
Q

A solution with equal amounts of solute and water (solvent) would be…

A

Isotonic

32
Q

What is the main difference between active and passive transport processes?

A

Active processes require ATP

33
Q

Why do active processes require ATP?

A

Materials are moving from low to high against the concentration gradient

34
Q

What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?

A

1) Binary fission
2) Budding
3) Fragmenting
4) Spores

35
Q

What is the most common method for bacterial asexual reproduction?

A

Binary fission

36
Q

In which 3 ways is the archaeal genome similar to bacteria?

A

1) Circular genome
2) Gene size/density
3) Operons

37
Q

In which 2 ways is the archaeal genome similar to eukaryotes?

A

1) Introns
2) Histone proteins

38
Q

Small, extragenomic circular DNA that can replicate independently.

A

What are plasmids?

39
Q

How are plasmids exchanged between bacterial cells?

A

Conjugation

40
Q

What is a plasmid’s purpose?

A

To carry nonessential but beneficial information

41
Q

What 2 molecules make up ribosomes?

A

1) Riboprotein
2) Ribosomal RNA

42
Q

1 small, 1 large

A

What are the 2 subunits of a ribosome?

43
Q

70S ribosomes belong to…

A

Prokaryotes

44
Q

80S ribosomes belong to…

A

Eukaryotes

45
Q

What 2 structures are antibiotics designed to target?

A

1) Cell wall
2) 70S ribosome

46
Q

What protein are flagella made of?

A

Flagellin

47
Q

What is the purpose of flagella?

A

Movement

47
Q

Flagella are related to a term called “chemotaxis.” What does this mean?

A

It’s cell movement in response to chemical stimulus

47
Q

Bundles of endoflagella that spiral around a cell.

A

What are axial filaments?

48
Q

In which bacterial shape will you find axial filaments?

A

In spirochete bacteria only

49
Q

What is the function of sex pili?

A

DNA exchange

50
Q

What is the purpose of an endospore?

A

To preserve the integrity of a cell’s genetic material in times of extreme stress e.g. heat, chemicals, UV light

51
Q

Gram-positive bacteria have a { } cell wall with { } layers of { }, { } acids, and a { } (S) layer.

A

1) Thick
2) Multiple
3) PTG
4) Teichoic
5) Surface

52
Q

Gram-negative bacteria have a { } cell wall with no { } acids, { } on their outer membrane, and they rarely have an { } layer.

A

1) Thin
2) Teichoic
3) Porins
4) S

53
Q

Regarding attachment proteins, archaea have { } while bacteria have { }.

A

1) Hami
2) Fimbriae

General Microbiology (34 decks)

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