Host-Microbes Relationships & Disease Deck (Final)

Question 1

What is the difference between a prebiotic and a probiotic?

Answer 1

Prebiotic - food for probiotics, helping healthy microbes grow

Probiotic - living microbes that eat prebiotics and balance gut flora

Question 2

What is the importance of the human microbiota?

Answer 2

To help protect against other disease-causing microbes via microbial antagonism

Question 3

Differentiate between mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

Answer 3

1) Mutualism - both organisms benefit
2) Commensalism - one organism benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed
3) Parasitism - one organism benefits while the other is harmed

Question 4

Detail the 4 Koch’s Postulates.

Answer 4

1) Microbes in diseased organisms but not healthy ones
2) Microbes isolated and grown in pure culture
3) Microbes introduced to healthy, susceptible host will cause same disease
4) Same microbial strain obtained from newly diseased host

Question 5

What is the difference between a communicable and a non-communicable disease?

Answer 5

Communicable - disease often transmitted from person to person

Non-communicable - disease not typically transmitted from person to person

Question 6

Differentiate between signs and symptoms.

Answer 6

Signs - objective, observable, measurable

Symptoms - subjective i.e., pain & nausea

Question 7

Name 4 predisposing factors of disease.

Answer 7

1) Genetics
2) Climate
3) Inadequate nutrition
4) Age

Question 8

List the 6 steps pathogens must endure to cause disease (HINT: think about how a gold digger would kill their spouse).

Answer 8

1) Gain entry to host
2) Adherence
3) Avoid host defense
4) Colonization
5) Damage host
6) Leave host if possible

Question 9

Name the 3 portals of entry.

Answer 9

1) Mucus membranes
2) Skin
3) Parenteral route

Question 10

Name the 4 parenteral routes.

Answer 10

1) Bite
2) Puncture
3) Injection
4) Wound

Question 11

Which step of infection is the critical step?

Answer 11

Adherence

Question 12

What are the 5 stages of infectious disease?

Answer 12

1) Incubation period
2) Prodromal period (vague symptoms)
3) Illness
4) Decline
5) Convalescence (recover, no signs/symptoms)

Question 13

Same signs and symptoms that show up together each time the infection happens

Answer 13

What is syndrome?

Question 14

Symptoms that show up after an infection

Answer 14

What is sequelae?

Question 15

Molecules that assist the bacterium colonize the host at the cellular level

Answer 15

What are virulence factors?

Question 16

List 4 examples of virulence factors.

Answer 16

1) Cell wall components
2) Fimbriae
3) Flagella
4) Capsules

Question 17

Differentiate between virulence and invasiveness.

Answer 17

Virulence - microbe’s ability to harm host

Invasiveness - the way a microbe invades a part of the body where bacteria is not normally present

Question 18

Differentiate between exotoxins and endotoxins.

Answer 18

Exotoxins - G+ bacteria; secreted externally from living cell; high toxicity

Endotoxins - G- bacteria; lipid A portion of outer LPS membrane; secreted after cell death; low toxicity

Question 19

Name 4 portals of exit.

Answer 19

1) Respiratory tract
2) GI tract
3) Skin/wounds
4) Contaminated needles