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Medical Science > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the spinal column?

A
  • A series of small bones forming a flexible and supportive structure down the spine
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2
Q

What are the intervertebral discs?

A
  • Fluid filled cartilage found between the vertebrae to cushion them during locomotion
  • firm flexible, connective tissue
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3
Q

Where can the intervertebral discs be found?

A
  • Joints
    -Flexible parts of the nose
  • external parts of the ears
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4
Q

What type of tissue is bone and cartilage?

A

Living tissue (connective tissue)

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5
Q

What are the 3 components of bones?

A
  • compact bone tissue
  • spongy bone
  • marrow cavity
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6
Q

Where is the location of the red marrow?

A

Spongy bone

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7
Q

Where is the location of the yellow marrow?

A

Marrow cavity

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8
Q

Define joints

A

A structure in the body at which 2 parts of the skeleton are fitted together

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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10
Q

What is an example of fibrous joint?

A

Skull

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11
Q

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Intervertebral discs

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12
Q

What is an example of a synovial joint?

A

Knee

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13
Q

What are the components of synovial joints?

A
  • Cartilage
  • synovial fluid
  • synovial membrane
  • tendon
  • ligament
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14
Q

What is the role of the cartilage?

A

Reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

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15
Q

What is the role of the synovial fluid?

A

Lubricates the joint

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16
Q

What is the role of the synovial membrane?

A

Produces synovial fluid

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17
Q

What is the role of the tendon?

A

Joins muscle to bone enabling movement

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18
Q

What is the role of the ligament?

A

Joins bone to bone stabilising the joint

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of synovial joints?

A
  • ball and socket joint
  • hinge joint
  • gliding joint
  • pivot joint
20
Q

What is an example of a ball and socket joint?

A

Shoulder and hip

21
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow and knees

22
Q

What is an example of a gliding joint?

A

Wrist and ankle

23
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Neck

24
Q

What type of movement does ball and socket joint allow?

A

Circular

25
Q

What type of movement does hinge joint allow?

A

Movement in one plane only

26
Q

What type of movement does gliding joint allow?

A

Limited circular movement

27
Q

What type of movement does pivot joint allow?

A

Allow head movement from side to side and nod

28
Q

Are ligaments elastic?

A

Yes

29
Q

Are tendons elastic?

A

No

30
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?

A
  • Bones of the skeleton
  • muscles
  • cartilage
  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • joints
  • other connective tissue
31
Q

What is the purpose of the musculoskeletal system?

A

Support and locomotion

32
Q

Why do we need muscle?

A
  • muscle tissue is responsible for movement and locomotion
  • muscles rely on contractile fibres to create motion
  • in vertebrates muscles attach to a skeletal system to produce locomotion
33
Q

What is the muscular systems second function?

A

is the maintenance of posture and body position

34
Q

What is a muscle cell called?

A

Muscle fibre

35
Q

What do myofibrils contain?

A

Contractile filaments

36
Q

What is the myofibrils composed of?

A

Thick and thin filaments

37
Q

What are the filaments of myofibrils made up of?

A

Strands of protein

38
Q

What do muscles do?

A

Contract and relax

39
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

Thick and thin myofibrils filaments slide over each other

40
Q

What do muscles require to contract?

A
  • Need energy from ATP
  • from respiration of glucose or glycogen with oxygen
41
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy rich compound

42
Q

What is locomotion produced by?

A

Muscles pulling on bones (attached together by tendons)

43
Q

What do joints in the skeleton allow?

A

(Sometimes attached by ligaments) allow flexing and extending to create motion

44
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

Muscles that work in pairs, opposing each other, controlling movement of joint

45
Q

What is an example of antagonistic muscles?

A

Biceps and triceps

46
Q

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

A
  • Causes troponin to move tropomyosin away from the binding sites
  • this allows myosin to bind to actin
47
Q

Describe the sliding filament theory

A
  1. Myosin head tightly kicked onto an actin filament
  2. ATP binds to the myosin head- myosin head released from actin
  3. Myosin head displaced by 5nm- ATP hydrolysis
  4. Myosin head attaches to a new site on actin filament Pi released- myosin head regains its original conformation and ADP released
  5. Myosin head is again locked tightly to the actin filament

Medical Science (21 decks)

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