Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
function of bones
structural support and protection
levers for movement
blood cell formation
storage for calcium
types of bones
compact
cancellous
classification of bones by shape
long short flat irregular sesamoid
parts of long bone
diaphysis epiphysis articular cartilage periosteum medullary cavity
physiology of joints
joints allow movement
muscles create movement
ligaments/joint capsule limit movement
types of fibrous joints - immovable
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
types of cartilaginous joints - semi movable
primary
secondary
types of synovial joints - freely moveable
plane hinge pivot condyloid ellipsoid saddle ball and socket
classification of joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
descrive fibrous joints
soft tissue that unites the bones is a dense fibrous connective tissue
no joint cavity
describe primary cartilaginous joints
hyaline cartilage unites 2 bones
temporary union
no joint cavity
describe secondary cartilaginous joints
fibrocartilage in the form of a disc unites the 2 bones
discs can be quite thick - moderate movement
no joint cavity
describe synovial joints
articulating bones united by capsule - outer fibrous layer
inner synovial membrane layer
synovial cavity and fluid
articular cartilage covers articular surfaces
types of synovial joints
ball and socket joint hinge joint pivot joint gliding joint saddle joint condyloid joint
ball and socket joints
provides greatest range of movement
convex shape bone fits into concave shaped socket
examples of ball and socket joints
shoulder and hip joints
hinge joint
allows movement in one axes(uni-axial)
spool shaped bone and concave shaped bone
example of hinge joint
elbow joint
pivot joint
allows movement in one plane
surface of one bone is ring shaped and other bone is shaped to rotate within ring
example of pivot joint
proximal radioulnar joint
atlantoaxial joint
saddle joint
allows movement in 2 axes (biaxial)
both bones have convexity and concavity to its surface
example of saddle joint
carpometacarpal/sternoclavicular joint
condyloid joints
Allows movement around two axes / within two planes
One bone is concave and the other convex
example of condyloid joints
Metacarpophanlangeal (MCP) / Radiocarpal (wrist) joint
plane/gliding joint
Allows movement to occur within a plane but does not occur around an axis
Surfaces of the bones are usually flat
example of gliding joint
carpal bones
major functions of muscular system
produce movement
heat production
maintain posture
types of parallel muscle
fusiform sheet/flat strap convergent circular
types of pennate muscle
unipennate
bipennate
multipennate
3 ways muscles attaches to bone
directly
through tendon
through aponeurosis
tendon
Inelastic bundle of collagen fibres that attach muscle to bone
aponeurosis
a flat tendon
sheath of fibrous tissue
origin
more proximal attachment
insertion
more distal attachment
agonist
primarily responsible for generating movement in muscle
antagonist
responsible for opposing movement of agonist
important for proper posture and controlling and finishing movements
synergist
assist agonist in creating movement
muscles working to eliminate undesired joint movement of another muscle
fixators
holds one segment still so a specific movement in an adjacent segment can occur
types of contractions
isometric - same length
isotonic - same tension but different length
types of isotonic contraction
concentric - shortening
eccentric - lengthening
full range muscle work
shortest to longest possible length
outer range muscle work
between longest length and midway point of range
inner range of muscle work
between shortest length and midway point of range
middle range of muscle work
between middle positions of inner and outer ranges
tissues associated with synovial joint
tendon ligament joint capsule synovium bursa meniscus
difference between tendon and ligaments
ligaments ireegularly arranged collagen fibres
can take on force from any direction
tendon
Inert structure that does not contract
Type 1 collagen → parallel alignment → transmit forces from muscle to the bone
No elastic fibres
tendinitis
inflammation of tendon
ligaments
Collagen (70-80%) and elastic fibers
Irregularly arranged bundles of collagen fibers → accept tensile forces from several different directions
function of ligaments
Attaches bone to bone
Often reinforces joint capsule
Provides passive stability to a jt., check / restrain too much mvmt
joint capsule
Sheets of collagen fibres which form a fibrous cuff
2 layers of joint capsule
Outer fibrous layer, strong, flexible, relatively inelastic, supported by ligs
Inner synovial layer – synovial membrane
bursae
Small fluid filled sac between bone and tendon
Lubricating device / reduce friction
bursitis
inflammation of bursae
