muscles of back and anterior wall Flashcards
primary curvature/kyphosis
thoracic and sacrum
secondary curvature/ lordosis
cervical
lumbar
causes of cauda equina syndrome
Midline (large) herniation
Trauma, tumour, haematoma
symptoms of cauda equina syndrome
- Bilateral LL weakness
- Numbness
- Incontinence
- Urgent surgical referral
ageing disc degeneration
less cartilage - more bone
heterotopic bone growth
symptoms of ageing disc
pain and nerve irritation
why would gait analysis be useful
for initial diagnosis
what conditions can gait analysis be useful for
Hemiplegic, antalgic, Trendelenberg, highstepping (foot-drop), festination (Parkinson’s)
what does the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fasciae cover and what does it attach to
Covers erector spinae
Medially – attached to spinous processes of vertebrae (L&S)
Extends up to lower neck
what reinforces the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia
Reinforced by latissimus dorsi
what does the middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia and where does it extend to
Medially – is attached to tips of transverse
processes
Extends from iliac crest to 12th rib
where does the middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia lie between
Lies between erector spinae & quadratus
lumborum muscles
where does the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia attach to and extend to
• Medially – is attached to anterior aspect of transverse
processes
• Extends from iliac crest to rib 12
where does the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia lie anterior to
• Lies anterior to quadratus lumborum
to groups of the musculature of the back
extrinsic and intrinsic
what is the extrinsic group of the back muscle responsible for
limb movement and respiration
name the extrinsic musculature
a) Trapezius
b) Latissimus dorsi
c) Rhomboids(major/minor)
d) Levator scapulae
what is the intrinsic muscle responsible for
posture control column
name the intrinsic muscles
a) Erector spinae
b) Splenius muscles
c) Transversospinal muscles
how is is the extrinsic layer of the back muscle categorised
superficial and intermediate layer
superficial extrinsic layer
- Trapezius
- Latissimus dorsi
- Rhomboids
intermediate extrinsic layer
• Serratus posterior
what nerve is responsible for the trapezius superficial nerve
accessory nerve
what nerve is responsible for the latissimus dorsi
Thoracodorsal nerve (C 6,7, 8) Spinal injury
what nerve is responsible for the rhomboids
dorsal scapular nerve
purpose of intermediate muscle serratus posterior
accessory muscles of respiration
where does splenius MUSCLES attach to and with what ligament
C7 - T6 ligamentum nuchae to the back of the neck
where does the splenius cervicis attach to
to transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae
where does the splenius capitis attach to
Mastoid process & superior nuchal line
three columns of the erector spinae
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
actions of the erector spinae - bilaterally
extend the head, or part or all of the vertebral column
actions of the erector spinae - unilaterally
– laterally flex the head, or part or all of the
vertebral column
actions of the erector spinae - longissimus
rotates head
erector spinae actions
- It straightens the flexed spine
- It extends the spine posteriorly
- Its slow eccentric contraction controls flexion
transversospinalis
• Fibres run from transverse to spinous processes
three main groups of short muscles
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
where does the semispinalis overly
multifidus
transverse to spinous process
from lower thorax to base of skull
three parts of the semispinalis
- Semispinalis thoracis
- Semispinalis cervicis
- Semispinalis capitis
where does the multifidus extend to
• Extend from upper sacrum to lower neck
origins of multifidus
• Sacral, lumbar, thoracic & cervical vertebrae
• Transverse processes (or
eq.)
insertions of multifidus
- Tips of spinous processes
* 2 – 3 levels above origin
actions of multifidus
- Contracting bilaterally they extend trunk & stabilise spine
- Unilaterally, they laterally flex & rotate the spine
location of rotatores thoracis
Run from the transverse process to the base of the spinous process of the thoracic vertebra
rectii of the back
Rectus capitus posterior major
Rectus capitus posterior minor
obliques muscle of the back
Obliquus capitus superior
Obliquus capitus inferior
layers of the anterior abdominal wall
superficial fascia external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominis transversalis fascia extraperitoneal fascia parietal peritoneum
where does the external oblique muscle arise from
lower 8 ribs and cervical cartilages
insertion of external oblique muscle
iliac crest
pubic tubercle
linea alba (middle line in abs)
in what direction does the fibres of the external oblique run?
inferiorly and medially - hands in pockets
what does the lower free edge of the external oblique form
inguinal ligament
origin of internal oblique
thoracolumbar fascia
iliac crest
inguinal ligament
insertion of the internal oblique muscles
Costal margin
Linea alba
Pectin pubis
in what direction does the internal oblique run
Superiorly & medially
where does the transversus abdominis arise
Lower 6 costal cartilages
Thoracolumbar fascia
Iliac crest
Inguinal ligament
insertion of transversus abdominis
Linea alba
Pubis symphysis
xiphoid process
in what direction does the transversus abdominis run
transversely or horizontally
origin of rectus abdominis
Pubic crest & Symphysis
insertion of rectus abdominis
Insertion:
cc 5-7
in what direction do rectus abdominis run
Vertically
Tendinous intersections
“Six pack”
