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Anatomy > Back and Neck: osteology, joints and ligaments > Flashcards

Back and Neck: osteology, joints and ligaments Flashcards

1
Q

name the 33 vertebrae

A 
7 cervical 
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused)
4 coccygeal (fused)
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2
Q

functions of vertebrae

A

suport
shock absorption - intervertebral discs
Protection - of spinal cord and nerve roots
haematopoiesis - vertebrae contain red bone marrow

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3
Q

curvatures of spinal column

A

primary curvature

secondary curvatures

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4
Q

primary curvatures

A

flexion i.e the fetal position

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5
Q

secondary curvatures

A

develop after birth

cervical lordosis - develops with upright posture

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6
Q

convex curves of spinal column

A

thoracic and sacral

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7
Q

concave curves of spinal column

A

cervical and lumbar

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8
Q

abnormalities of spinal column

A

excess lordosis/kyphosis - excess compression of thoracic bones from osteoporosis - hump
scoliosis

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9
Q

processes of vertebrae

A

spinous and transverse processes

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10
Q

articular processes of vertebrae

A

superior and inferior

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11
Q

vertebral arch/foramen

A

pedicles/laminae

canal

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12
Q

typical cervical vertebra from C3 -C6

A

small kidney shaped body
triangular
small transverse process
small spinous process - bifid

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13
Q

atypical cervical vertevra

A

C1, C2, C7

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14
Q

Atypical cervical vertebrae C1

A 
Atlas
No body
• Anterior arch & tubercle
• Posterior arch & tubercle 2 lateral masses
• Articular facets
• Superior & inferior
• Transverse foramen
• Groove for vertebral artery
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15
Q

Atypical cervical vertebrae C2

A

Axis
• Odontoid process (dens)
• Articular facets
• Spinous process - bifid

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16
Q

joints of cervical spine atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • Between C1 & occipital condyles
  • Synovial condyloid joint
  • Movement - nodding
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17
Q

joints of cervical spine

A

atlanto-occipital joint
atlanto-axial joint
plane synovial joint

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18
Q

what type of joint is in the atlanto-axial joint how do they connect with cervical vertebrae

A

synovial pivot joint
dens of C2vertebrae and anterior of C2 arch are connected by joints - cruciate ligament (transverse and vertical), alar ligament

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19
Q

typical thoracic vertebrae from T2 - T9

A 
Body
• Heart-shaped – with costal
facets
• Vertebral canal
• Round
• Transverse process
• Facet for tubercles of ribs
• Spinous process
• Slopes inferiorly
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20
Q

costal facets of thoracic vertebrae T2-T9

A 
Identify costal facets
• 2 demifacets on body for head
of ribs
• Facet on transverse process for
tubercle of rib
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21
Q

Atypical thoracic vertebrae T1

A

T1
• Has 1½ facets on the body for articulation with head of ribs
• Full superior facet & inferior demifacet

22
Q

Atypical thoracic vertebrae T10 T12

A

Single facet on side of vertebral body of T10 – T12
• These ribs only articulate with their own vertebrae
• No facet on transverse process of T11 & T12

23
Q

typical lumbar vertebrae L1-L4

A 
Body
– Large & kidney-shaped
• Vertebral canal
– Small in comparison
– Cord ends L1 / L2
• Spinous process
– Horizontal & bulky
24
Q

Atpyical lumbar vertebrae

A

L5
wedge-shaped BODY
• Transverse process is anterior to side of body to iliolumbar ligament
• May be fused to sacrum

25
Q

typical sacrum S1-S5

A 
– 5 sacral vertebrae
– Transverse ridges present
between fused bodies
– “Ala” (wing)
• (Transverse processes)
– Anterior sacral foramina
26
Q

facet joints

A

– Between adjacent vertebrae
• Between the superior & inferior articular
facets
– Small synovial plane joints

27
Q

symphyses

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints

– Hyaline & fibrocartilage

28
Q

where does the fibrocartilaginous disc lie between

A

outer annulus fibrous

inner nucleus pulposus

29
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

“coiled spring”

• Holds vertebrae together

30
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

“ball bearing” which the vertebra “roll over”

during movement

31
Q

motion segment

A

Functional unit of the spine

– 2 vertebrae & associated soft tissues

32
Q

movement of spine

A

flexion and extension
lateral flexion
spinal rotation
forces parallel to discs

33
Q

where does flexion and extensions of spine

A

– Occurs throughout spine
– Occurs in atlanto-occipital joint
• (C1 & skull)

34
Q

lateral flexion of spine

A

– Maximal in lumbar region
– Restricted in neck & thorax (ribs)
– Atlanto-occipital joint (C1 & skull)

35
Q

spinal rotation of spine

A

– Mainly present in thoracic region
– Sheer stresses
– “Twist” disc fibres at periphery

36
Q

forces of parallel to discs

A

– Also sheer stresses on discs

– Slip in the direction of the force

37
Q

two types of longitudinal ligaments

A

– Anterior
• Anterior vertebral bodies
– Posterior
• Posterior vertebral bodies

38
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

– Between laminae

– Yellow due to elastin

39
Q

Ligaments of spine

A

Interspinous ligaments
• Supraspinous ligament
• Ligamentum nuchae in neck

40
Q

herniated discs

A

The intervertebral disc may rupture, or herniate
• This compresses the spinal nerve
– i.e. sciatica or lumbar back pain

41
Q

symptoms of herniated dics of L4/5

A

leg pain weak movement

42
Q

treatment for herniated disc of L4/5

A

sciatic stretch

43
Q

symptoms of herniated discs of L5/S1

A

pain, weakness, absent tendon reflex

44
Q

treatment of herniated discs of L5/S1

A

sciatic stretch

45
Q

symptoms of herniated discs of L3/4

A

– Anterior thigh pain, weak quad,

absent tendon reflex,

46
Q

treatment of herniated disc of L3/4

A

femoral stretch

47
Q

sciatic stretch tests

A

– Supine
– Leg raise
– Ankle dorsiflexion

48
Q

femoral stretch test

A
  • Prone
    – Flex knee
    – Extend hip
49
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal flexion

50
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature

51
Q

congenital pathologies of the spine

A

Accessory hemivertebra

– Fusion of adjacent vertebral bodies

52
Q

spina bifida

A

– Embryological defect
– Range of severity
• Mild – only vertebra affected
• Severe – vertebra & spinal cord affected

Anatomy (27 decks)

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