Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards
Example of long bones
femur and phalanges
Example of short bones
carpals and tarsals
Examples of flat bones
ribs, frontal, parietal, and temporal skull bones
Examples of irregular bones
vertebra
Examples of sesamoid bones
Pisiform and patella (intratendinous)
Examples of intra-Cartilaginous ossification
ALL long bones EXCEPT Clavicle
Examples of intra-membranous ossificiation
Clavicle, flat skull bones and axial skeleton
What bone is the FIRST to being ossification and the LAST to completely ossify
CLAVICLE**
What is a synarthrosis
Immoble fibrous joint
What is amphiarthrosis
Slightly mobile, cartilaginous joint
what is a Diarthrosis
Mobile, synovial joint
Examples of uniaxial movement
One plane - flexon/extension
Examples of biaxial movement
two planes - flexion/extension and internal/external rotation
Examples of multiaxial movement
More than two planes - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and internal/external rotation and or circumduction
Subcatagories of fibrous joints
synostosis - sutural
syndesmosis - interosseous membrane in the infeiror tibiiofibular joint
GOMphosis - tooth and tooth socket in the GUM
subcatagories of cartilaginous joints
synchondrosis - primarily cartilaginous, growing ends of long bones
symphysis - secondary cartilaginous, IVD, pubic symphysis, manbriosternal joint
Name a joint considered mixed
sacroiliac - becomes synostosis as a person gets older
planar
gliding (zygapophyseal, acromio-clavicular)
gINGlymus
hINGe (humero-ulnar)
Trochoid
pivot (medial atlanto-axial, proximal radiu-ulnar)
condylar
ellipsoid (metacarpophalangeeal)
sellar
saddle (1st carpo-metacarpal)
spheroidal
ball and socket (hip and shoulder)
Which joints are secondary cartilaginous
ALL midline EXCEPT median atlanto-axial (atlantod-dental) which is trochoid, and the interparietal joint which is fibrous sutural joint
Which surface of a synovial joint is covered by hyaline cartilage
articular (except for the temperomandibular, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular which are covered in fibrous cartilage)
The interior of a fibrous joint and the non-articular surfaces of the nearby bones are covered in this
synovial membrane
what two cell types make up the synovium
Type A synoviocytes which are macrophages
Type B synoviocytes: which secret synovial fluid containing hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins law
What is Hilton’s law
the nerve which innervates a muscle that acts on a joint, will supply the joint and an area of skin over the joint
Where are chondroblasts found in cartilage
perichondrium
What is cartilage mainly composed of
extracellular matrix of GAGs and proteoglycans
Does cartilage have blood vessel or nerves
No and if it’s damaged it shows very limited ability to grow
Name the three types of cartilage and their qualities
Hyaline: most abundant; consisting of Type II collagen fibers covers joints
Elastic: contains Type II and elastin, found in the larynx
Fibrocartilage: dense compact Type I collagen fibers; found in intra-articular discs
Describe smooth muscle
no cross striation
spindle-shaped cell
Central nucleus
involuntary
Describe skeletal muscle
cross striations
elongated peripheral nucleus
voluntary control
Describe cardiac muscle
cross striations branches intercalated discs central nucleus involuntary control
Describe the different shapes of skeletal muscle
fusiform: thick in the middle and tapered at each end - bicheps brachii, gastrocnemius
Parallel: uniform - rectus abdominis and sartorius
Triangular: fan-shaped with a broad origin and narrow intersection - pectoralis major
Pennate: feather shaped
- unipennate - palmer interossei
- bipennate - rectus femoris and dorsal interossei
- multipennate - deltoid
- Circular - froms rings around certain body openings - orbicularis occuli and anal sphincter
