Endocrine Anatomy

Question 1

Considered the “master endocrine gland”

Answer 1

Pituitary

Question 2

Embryological origins of the anterior and posterior pituitary respectively

Answer 2

Rathke’s pouch and down growth of hypothalamus

Question 3

In what structure does the pituitary lie

Answer 3

sella turcica

Question 4

What is the fold of dura that covers the pituitary

Answer 4

diphragm sellae

Question 5

What hormones are produced by the Anterior pituitary

Answer 5

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, and GH

Question 6

All of the anterior pituitary hormones are influenced by this besides the PRL

Answer 6

hypothalamus (PRL is influenced by Prolactin Inhibiting Factor - which is dopamine)

Question 7

What hormones are STORED in the posterior pituitary

Answer 7

ocytocin and ADH (aka vasopressin)

Question 8

Where are the hormones ocytocin and ADH produced

Answer 8

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus respectively

Question 9

What arteries supply the pituitary gland

Answer 9

superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries from the internal carotid

Question 10

What arteries supply the thyroid gland

Answer 10

superior thyroid - from external carotid, inferior thyroid - from thyrocervical trunk, and thyroidea ima (occurs in 3-10%)

Question 11

Venous drainage of the thyroid gland

Answer 11

superior thryoid vein - accompanies superior thyroid a, middle thyroid vein - accompanies inferior thyroid a., inferior thyroid vein- travels alone

Question 12

the superior thyroid artery is accompanied by this nerve that supplies the cricothyroid muscle (only one that tenses vocal cords)

Answer 12

external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Question 13

the inferior thyroid artery is associated with this nerve that supplies the rest of the laryngeal muscles

Answer 13

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 14

What is they thyroid gland composed of and what does it secrete

Answer 14

composed of cuboidal cell-lined follicles that secrete thyroxin from which T3 is developed

Question 15

Parafollicular cells found inbetween thyroid follicles secrete this

Answer 15

calcitonin

Question 16

What is the superior pair of parathyroid glands derived from

Answer 16

mesoderm in the 4th pharyngeal pouch

Question 17

what is the inferior pair of parathyroid glands derived from

Answer 17

mesoderm in the 3rd pharyngeal arch

Question 18

What artery supplies the parathyroid gland

Answer 18

inferior thyroid artery

Question 19

what two cells are found in the parathyroid gland

Answer 19

cheif and oxyphils

Question 20

What is secreted by the chief cells found in the parathyroid gland and what is its purpose

Answer 20

PTH - role is to take calcium out of the bone and into the blood stream

Question 21

Which endocrine gland has BOTH exocrin and endcrine functions

Answer 21

pancreas (weighs approx. 90 grams)

Question 22

The pancreas is derived from this

Answer 22

ventral and dorsal endodermal buds from the foregut

Question 23

From where in the pancreas are the endocrine hormones secreted from

Answer 23

islets of langerhans

Question 24

What hormones are secreted by the islets of langerhans

Answer 24

beta cells - insulin, alpha cells - glucagon, delta cells - somatostatin

Question 25

After the main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct where does it open in to

Answer 25

ampulla of Vater in the main duodenal papilla

Question 26

blood supply to the pancreas

Answer 26

superior pancreaticoduodenal a, inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., and great pancreatic artery

Question 27

the adrenal gland is derived from these two embryological structures

Answer 27

cortex from mesoderm, medulla from neural crest cells

Question 28

Describe the left and right adrenal glands respectively

Answer 28

Left is semiLunar and Larger, right is triangular and smaller

Question 29

Name the structural zones of the adrenal cortex and their functions (the deeper you go the sweeter the sex gets)

Answer 29

zona glomerulosa - Mineralcorticoids - aldosterone - salt, zona fasiculata - glucocorticoids - sweet, zona reticular - sex hormones - sex (the deeper you go the sweeter the sex gets)

Question 30

What does the adrenal medulla secrete under sympathetic control

Answer 30

norepinephrine

Question 31

what arteries supply the adrenal gland

Answer 31

superior adrenal - from inferior phrenic of the abdominal aorta, middle ardrenal - from the abdominal aorta, and inferior adrenal - from renal artery

Question 32

The adrenal gland is drained by a single vein that empties into what veins respectively based on right or left

Answer 32

right - inferior vena cava, left - left renal vein