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NBCE Part 1 > CNS Anatomy > Flashcards

CNS Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of cells in the CNS and their ratio

A

Neurons and neuroglia 1:10 ratio

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2
Q

What are the two types of neuroglia

A

macroglia and microglia

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3
Q

What cells fall under macroglia and what are their characteristics

A

Astrocytes - helps with the blood brain barrier
Ependymal cells - line the ventricles makes cerebrospinal fluid
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells - produce myelin in the CNS and PNS respectively (CoPs)

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4
Q

Describe microglia cells

A

Macrophages of the nervous system

Derived from Mesoderm not neuroectoderm

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5
Q

Lobes of the brain and their functions and locations

A

Frontal - Thinking and motor, lies in front of the central sulcus
Parietal - sensory, lies between the central sulcus and the parieto-occipital fissure
Occipital - visual, lies behind the parieto-occipital fissure and preoccipital notch
Temporal - hearing, smell, and memory, lies inferior to the lateral fissure

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6
Q

Describe the different types of white fibers

A

Commissural: connects right to left cerebral hemisphere ( anterior, posterior, and corpus callosum) and the spinal cord for tracts to decussate

Association: connects one part with another part on the same hemisphere (visual and auditory)

Projection: from brain to spinal cord and vice versa (corticospinal)

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7
Q

What two arterial sources supply the brain

A

Anterior circulation: internal carotid

Posterior circulation: vertebrobasilar system

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8
Q

What areas does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

Medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres - motor areas 4 and sensory areas 1, 2, & 3

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9
Q

What areas does the posterior cerebral supply

A

Occipital lobe areas 17, 18, 19, inferior portion of the temporal lobe, midbrain and thalamus

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10
Q

What areas does the middle cerebral artery supply (NOT a part of the circle of willis)

A

Broca’s area of speech (44 and 45) and the motor and sensory control areas of the face and upper limbs and wernickes area (22)

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11
Q

What does the superior cerebellar artery supply

A

superior part of the cerebellum

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12
Q

What does the basilar artery supply

A

pons which contain CN V, VI, VII, and VIII

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13
Q

What does the vertebral artery supply

A

Medulla whihc contains the nuclei of the last 4 CN: IX, X, XI, and XII

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14
Q

What regulates the blood supply to the brian

A

Levels of C02, High levels cause vasodilation

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15
Q

Development vesicles of the CN’s

A 
I - talencephalon
II - diencephalon 
III & IV - mesencephalon
V-VIII - metencephalon 
IX-XII - myelencephalon
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16
Q

General functions of the CN’s mnemonic

A

Severus Snape Meets Malfoy But Mad Bellatrix Stays Behind Bushes Misusing Magic

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17
Q

Describe CN I

A

Olfactory
CAN regenerate unlike other neurons
Synapses in the primary olfactory cortex located in the temporal lobe which has connections with the hippocampus (memory), hypothalamus (ANS), and limbic (emotions)
ONLY sensory CN not linked initially to the thalamus

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18
Q

Describe CN II

A

Optic
Fibers synapse in the lateral geniculate body of thalamus
fibers from the thalamus continue as the optic radiation to the primary visual cortex (Brdm 17)

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19
Q

Describe the different Optic lesions and their affects

A

Optic chiasm - bitemporal hemianopia
Optic nerve - compete loss of vision in side affected
Optic radiation - contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Primary visual cortex - homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

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20
Q

Describe CN III, IV, and VI (S04 LR6 Rest3)

A

Extraocular muscles
Occulomotor: Also carries parasympathetic (SVE) fibers to the iris and cilliary body from the edinger-westphal nucleus
CN IV is the only one that exits brainstem dorsally

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21
Q

Describe CN V

A

Largest mixed CN

Two nuclei: large sensory (GSA) and small motor (SVE)

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22
Q

Where does the motor nucleus of CN V lie and what does it supply

A

Pons
Supplies muscles of mastication: Temporalis, internal and external pterygoid, masseter, mylohyoid, ANTERIOR BELLY OF THE DIGASTRIC, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini

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23
Q

Name the divisions and their branches of CN V

A

Opthalmic through the superior orbital fissure(NFL) - Nasociliary, Frontal, Lacrimal
Maxillary through the foramen rotundum (PINZ) - Pharyngeal, Infraorbital, Nasopalatine, Zygomatic
Mandibular through the foramen oval:
Anterior division - motor: deep temporal, nerve to lateral pterygoid, and nerve to masseter. Sensory: buccal
Posterior Division - Sensory: lingual, auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar. Motor: muscular branch of mylohyoid

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24
Q

Which ganglion is attached to the opthalmic division of CN V

A

Ciliary via the nasociliary nerve

It also receives parasympathetic fibers from the edinger-westphal nucleus of CN III

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25
Q

which ganglion is attahed to the maxillary division of CN V

A

pterygopalatine

It also receives parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivary nucleus of CN VII

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26
Q

which ganglion is attached to the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of CN V

A

otic

receives parasympathetic fibers from the inferior salivary nucleus via CN IX

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27
Q

Which ganglion is attached to the lingual branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division

A

submandibular

receives parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivary nucleus of CN VII

28
Q

What are the nuclei of CN VII and their functions

A

Motor nucleus in the pons - SVE
sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve - GSE
superior salivary nucleus - GVE
solitary tract nucleus - SVA

29
Q

Describe the motor nucleus of CN VII

A 
Located in the pons
Leaves brainstem at pontomedullary angle
Enters skull via internal acoustic meatus 
Leaves skull vai stylomastoid foramen 
Carries motor fibers to muscles of facial expression via: 
Temporal
zygomatic
buccal 
marginal mandibular
cervical
(ten zebras bit my mothers chickens)
30
Q

The strapedius, extrinsic muscles of the ear, and posterior belly of the digastric are innervated by this

A

CN VII

31
Q

What portion of the tongue does CN VII convey taste from and with what nerves

A

anterior 2/3, via the chorda tympani and the nervus intermedius to the nucleus tractus solitarius

32
Q

Describe the role of chorda tympani branch of CN VII

A

Receives taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, parasympathetic innervation from the superior salivary nucleus to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands via the submandibular ganglion of V3 and to the lacrimal gland via pterygopalatine ganglion of V2

33
Q

Describe the taste sensation distribution of the tongue

A

sweet - tip of the tongue via VII
salt - sides of tongue via VII
bitter and sour - posterior 1/3 via IX

34
Q

What are the two distinct parts of CN VIII

A

cochlear (hearing)

vestibular (balance)

35
Q

Describe the cochlear part of CN VIII

A

fibers transverse the internal auditory meatus to the lateral aspect of the medulla
fibers terminate in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
a majority of fibers then cross to the other side into the nuclei of the trapezoid body
fibers then ascend to the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body to the primary auditory cortex (Brdm 22)

36
Q

Describe the vestibular fibers of CN VIII

A

arise from semicircular canals (head turning - angular acceleration). utricle, and saccule (gravity - linear accel)
Enter medulla and end in the vestibular nuclei located in the floor of the 4th ventricle
Many of the fibers pass to the cerebellum through the infeiror cerebellar peduncle

37
Q

Where doe CN IX motor fibers arise from and what do they supply

A

nucleus ambiguus to the stylopharyngeus (SVE)

38
Q

What innervation does CN IX provide for the tongue

A

Sensation from the posterior 1/3 and pharynx via sensory nucleus of CN V
Carries taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue to the nucleus solitarius in the medulla

39
Q

What parasympathetic innervation does CN IX supply

A

parasympathetic to the parotid gland via otic ganglion of V3 from the inferior salviary nucleus in the medulla

40
Q

What opening does CN IX leave the skull

A

jugular foramen

41
Q

Describe the carotid branch of CN IX

A

runs along internal carotid and supplies the carotid body (chemoreceptor) and carotid sinus (baroreceptor)

42
Q

Describe CN X

A

Leaves brain stem in the groove between the oliv and cerebellum.
Exits through jugular foramen giving off the tympanic branch
It travels between the superior and middle constrictors supplying the root of the tongue, tonsils and muscles and mucosa of pharynx.
Carries parasympathetic information to the thorax and abdomen as far as the transverse colon
also carries sensory from thorax and abdomen
ratio of afferent to efferent is 10:1

43
Q

What are the two parts of CN XI and their features

A

Cranial accessory: SVE, joins spinal part before passing through jugular foramen, after the foramen it joins the vagus to supply the palate, pharynx, and larynx

Spinal accessory: GSE, arises from 5 upper cervical rootlets, they join together and enter the skull though the foramen magnum, after exiting it pierces and supplies the SCM, then passes through the posterior triangle piercing and supplying the trapezius

44
Q

Describe CN XII

A

ALL of the muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal EXCEPT palatoglossus (pharyngeal plexus of vagus)
Begins as rootlets between the pyramid and olive in the medulla.
Exits via hypoglossal foramen
Passes between internal carotid and internal jugular vein
It then loops and crosses the hyoglossus muscle to enter the tongue

45
Q

Describe the internal capsule

A

IMPORTANT
anterior limb - lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform, carries thalamocortical fibers (sensory below head)
Genu - carries corticobulbar fibers (motor fibers to the head)
posterior limb - between lentiform and thalamus, carries corticospinal tract (motor below the head, Auditory and visual association fibers and thalamocrtical fibers

46
Q

What is the role of the thalamus in the internal capsule

A

acts as a relay station for all snsory input into the cortex EXCEPT olfaction

47
Q

Describe the basal ganglia

A

Composed of the globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus
controls complex patterns of voluntary behavior

48
Q

Blood supply to the internal capsule

A

anterior - anterior and middle cerebral arteries
genu - middle cerebral artery
posterior - middle cerebral and anterior choroidal a

49
Q

Describe the thalamus

A

Major transit area for ALL sensory input EXCEPT from the olfactory
VPL nucleus - input from the neck and below
VPM nucleus - input from the head
Lateral geniculate body - visual input (Light) connects with superior colliculous
Medial geniculate body - auditory input (Music) connects with inferior colliculous

50
Q

Describe the basal ganglia

A

Influence the motor activity of the brain though inhibition or facilitation
Composed of the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, and substantia nigra .

51
Q

Describe the 3 peduncles of the cerebellum

A

Superior - output to the cerebral cortex via the midbrain and thalamus
middle - input from the cortex via the pons with the cortico-ponto-cerebellar fibers
inferior - input from the body via the medulla carrying the dorsal spinocerebellar

52
Q

Describe the 3 main nuclei of the cerebellum (Flowers Grow Every Day - medial to lateral)

A

Fastigial - related to the spine
Globose - related to the proximal joints (Glenohumeral)
Emboliform - related to middle joints (elbow)
Dentate - related to distal joints (digital)

53
Q

Describe the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior - balance of arms and legs
posterior - receives information from the cortex
flocculonodular - balance of the trunk

54
Q

Describe the blood brain barrier

A

Formed by: tight junctions between non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane and the processes of astrocytes
oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and AA’s freely cross
Bacteria can not cross

55
Q

What areas contain fenestrated areas and no BBB

A

area prostrema - which facilitates vomiting in response to poisons
neurohypophysis and pineal gland for secretion of hormones

56
Q

Describe the vertebral artery and its different parts

A

Derived from the subclavian artery
Part 1 - lies between it’s origin and the 1st part of the subclavian artery to transverse foramen of c6
Part 2 - lies between transverse foramina of C6 to C1, relatively fixed
Part 3 - Extends from c1 to the foramen magnum, most prone to dissection,
Part 4 - section lying above foramen magnum, lies anterior to medulla

57
Q

Describe PICA (wallenberg or lateral medullary) syndrome

A

Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
dysphagia, ataxia, ipsilateral horner’s syndrome,
*ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature in the face and contralateral loss of pain and temperature of the body below head

58
Q

Describe medial medullary syndrome

A

occlusion of the vertebral artery

contrlateral spastic hemiplegia, loss of touch, and vibration and pressure

59
Q

Describe Clause’s syndrome

A

occlusion of the blood supply to the dorsal midbrain

ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral ataxia and tremor

60
Q

Describe Weber (medial midbrain) syndrome

A

occlusion of perforating branches posterior cerebral artery

contralateral spastic paralysis and ipsilateral CN III weakness

61
Q

What and where is CSF produced

A

Produced by choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles

62
Q

Describe CSF flow

A

Produced in lateral ventricle and passes through the foramina of Monro into the third ventricle it then passes through the cerebral aqueduct of sylvius into the 4th ventricle, it then leaves the 4th ventricle via the lateral foramina of Luschka and the median foramen of Magendie

63
Q

How does CSF drain

A

Drains via arachnoid granulations which open into thesuperior sagittal sinus

64
Q

Describe the superior sagittal dural venous sinus

A

Found in the attached edge of the flax cerebri

drains into the right transverse sinus which lies in the tentorium cerebelli

65
Q

Describe the inferior sagittal dural venous sinus

A

found in the free edge of the falx cerebri

Joined by the great cerebral vein of Galen to drain into the straight sinus which empties into the left transverse sinus

NBCE Part 1 (25 decks)

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