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Anatomy and Physiology 225 > Muscular System Part 2 > Flashcards

Muscular System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

when do you use stored ATP

A

when you have to jump up randomly

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2
Q

if you have less strength, then you have

A

more flexibility

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3
Q

if you have more strength, then you have

A

less flexibility

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4
Q

what is the reversible reaction for creatine phosphate

A

CP + ADP <–> ATP + C

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5
Q

whats the purpose of creatine phosphate

A

to make ATP in one step

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6
Q

how long does creatine phosphate last for

A

maybe 10 seconds

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7
Q

in anaerobic respiration, what is the energy source

A

glucose

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8
Q

what does the glucose produce in anaerobic respiration

A

glycolysis in the cytosol; glycolysis is two glucose molecules split apart

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9
Q

what does the glycolysis then generates how much ATP

A

2 molecules

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10
Q

is oxygen used in anaerobic respiration

A

no

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11
Q

what does lactic acid build up affect

A

it affects the enzyme and you cant continue because there is a change in pH

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12
Q

how does lactic acid build up release

A

it goes into the blood stream which is then processed out through the liver

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13
Q

what are the products of anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP per glucose, and lactic acid

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14
Q

what is the duration of energy provided in anaerobic respiration

A

30-40 seconds

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15
Q

what is the first energy source in aerobic respiration

A

glucose

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16
Q

what happens at the pyruvic acid stage of the aerobic pathway

A

the pyruvic acid is the decision point

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17
Q

when does the pyruvic acid enter the mitochondria during aerobic respiration

A

it enters the mitochondria when their is adequate oxygen

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18
Q

what is needed in order for fatty acids and amino acids to make more energy

A

oxygen

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19
Q

when doesn’t lactic acid produce

A

when there is an adequate amount of oxygen

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20
Q

is oxygen required in aerobic respiration

A

yes

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21
Q

what does aerobic respiration produce

A

32 ATP per glucose, CO2, H2O

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22
Q

what is the duration of energy provided in aerobic respiration

A

hours

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23
Q

can glucose be stored

A

no, but glycogen can be stored

24
Q

how much glycogen do you have in aerobic respiration

A

enough for 2 hours of energy

25
Q

what does the decision point during pyruvic acid depend on

A

the availability of oxygen

26
Q

where does the process for aerobic respiration occur

A

within the cytoplasm (cytosol)

27
Q

what type of contraction is a concentric contraction

A

isotonic contraction

28
Q

what type of contraction is a eccentric contraction

A

isotonic contraction

29
Q

what type of contraction is a isometric contraction

A

isometric contraction

30
Q

what contraction does length change, but force stays the same

A

concentric contractions and eccentric contractions

31
Q

what contraction does length stays the same but force changes

A

isometric contraction

32
Q

what type of contraction makes you sore

A

eccentric contraction

33
Q

what is a slow twitch muscle fiber good for

A

endurance

34
Q

which muscle fiber has tons of mitochondria

A

slow twitch

35
Q

which muscle fibers have not many mitochondria

A

fast twitch glycolytic

36
Q

which muscle fiber cell doesnt have much strength

A

slow twitch

37
Q

what muscle fiber cell produces glycolysis

A

fast twitch glycolytic

38
Q

what do white blood cells lack

A

myoglobin

39
Q

which muscle fiber cell is powerful

A

fast twitch glycolytic

40
Q

what cause blood cells to be red

A

myoglobin binds to oxygen which is what makes it red

41
Q

which muscle fiber cell has less endurance

A

fast twitch glycolytic

42
Q

which muscle fiber cell doesnt store myoglobin

A

fast twitch intermediate

43
Q

where are different fiber types found

A

all muscles, which are organs

44
Q

how is smooth muscle different than skeletal muscle

A

smooth muscle has no epimysium, perimysium, fascicles, or endomysium. it also has no striation or t tubules but has a well-defined sarcoplasmic reticulum

45
Q

why does smooth muscle have no t tubules

A

because the current is traveling from cell to cell, there’s no need for it to go deep into the cell membrane

46
Q

why does smooth muscle not have an endomysium

A

because smooth muscle has gap junctions that allow cell communication

47
Q

where is the nucleus of smooth muscle

A

in the middle of each cell

48
Q

in smooth muscle is there myosin and actin

A

yes, there is a high ratio of myosin and actin which results in more cross-bridge formations per each actin; myosin’s attach to actin more easily

49
Q

in skeletal muscle, calcium binds to troponin. what does calcium bind to in smooth muscle

A

calmodulin; this then activates an enzyme that energizes the myosin

50
Q

what is required to activate myosin

A

ATP

51
Q

how do you relax smooth muscle

A

remove the calcium, back into storage, and into the extracellular environment

52
Q

what is tone

A

partial contraction

53
Q

what is phasic (rhythmic) contractions also known as

A

single unit smooth muscle

54
Q

how does urine go from kidneys to urinary bladder

A

through the rhythmic contractions; this happens several times a minute

55
Q

why are contractions slower in smooth muscle

A

because there is no t-tubules

56
Q

does smooth muscles need a nerve impulse

A

no

57
Q

can smooth muscle stretch

A

smooth muscle can stretch up to 270 percent more than skeletal muscle

Anatomy and Physiology 225 (18 decks)

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