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Anatomy and Physiology 225 > Chapter 7: Skeletal System / Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Skeletal System / Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different kinds of bone shapes?

A

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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2
Q

development vs growth?

A

development is starting with something, and growth is making something it already had

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3
Q

ossification vs calcification

A

ossification deals with bone, calcification accumulates calcium

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4
Q

what is irregular bone mostly made of?

A

spongy bone

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5
Q

What happens when spongy bone fails?

A

The vertebrae form a pie shape, which causes a hunchback

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6
Q

What is a sesamoid surrounded by ?

A

Soft tissue

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7
Q

Where is the periosteum found

A

Around the outside of the organ

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8
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Dense fibers holding it to the bone

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9
Q

What is the proximal and distal epiphysis covered in

A

Articular cartilage

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10
Q

Where is the diaphysis?

A

Middle section of the long bone

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11
Q

What is the purpose of having spongy bone on the ends of a long bone

A

Has a larger surface , but since it’s porous it’s light

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12
Q

What is the endosteum

A

A membrane that lines the medullary cavity

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13
Q

What is the medullary cavity

A

A hollow structure filled with blood vessels

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14
Q

What does yellow marrow mainly consist of

A

Fat

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15
Q

what is a lamellae

A

is a ring of bone tissue

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16
Q

what is an osteon

A

a bunch of concentric rings

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17
Q

which type of bone has tons of blood vessels?

A

compact bone

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18
Q

what is a canaliculus

A

passage ways through the matrix

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19
Q

what is a lacuna

A

where the osteocytes are found

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20
Q

what is trabeculae

A

boney plates

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21
Q

which kind if bone is most likely to fail if it has osteoporosis?

A

spongy bone

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22
Q

what is hyaline cartilage

A

the starting material for bone development

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23
Q

what is found in the extracellular matrix

A

fibers

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24
Q

what does the nuclei of fibroblasts do?

A

makes fibers (collagen)

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25
Q

where does intramembranous ossification take place

A

flat bones

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26
Q

what is a progenitor cell

A

known as a stem cell, it is a developing cell into some kind of connective tissue. you only have these cells as a fetus

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27
Q

what is the ossification center

A

where it all started

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28
Q

what is an osteoblast

A

they activated the right genes to start the pathway to bone cells, by producing their own lacuna around themselves with the canaliculi passageway it is able to make bone

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29
Q

how is an osteocyte created

A

when it builds lacuna

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30
Q

which kind of bone shows up last in intramembranous ossification

A

compact bone; it only goes where you need it

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31
Q

what kind of bone is always created first in both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

A

spongy bone

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32
Q

what does endochondral ossification start as?

A

hyaline cartilage

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33
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate

A

part of the bone that grows in length

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34
Q

what does secondary ossification center mean

A

just that it shows up later, it is not less important

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35
Q

what is the zone of resting cartilage

A

it attaches to the epithelial plate and is not actively dividing. it has a very slow metabolic rate

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36
Q

what is the zone of proliferating cartilage

A

it is in active cell division

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37
Q

what is zone of hypertrophic cartilage

A

has a high level of growth

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38
Q

what is the zone of calcified cartilage

A

dying cells

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39
Q

what is the relative term for diaphysis

A

proximal

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40
Q

osteocyte ?

A

found in lacuna

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41
Q

osteoblast?

A

makes bone tissue

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42
Q

osteoclast?

A

destroys bone tissue

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43
Q

purpose of vitamin D?

A

absorbs calcium

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44
Q

why are vitamins important for bones

A

critical for bone maintenance

45
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

lowers calcium

46
Q

why is the purpose of a thyroid gland

A

monitors the calcium intake

47
Q

what is calcitonin

A

it stimulates osteoblasts which takes calcium out the blood and into bones

48
Q

where is the parathyroid gland located

A

behind the thyroid

49
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do

A

it stimulates osteoclasts which break down bone tissue

50
Q

what does parathyroid mean

A

to raise calcium

51
Q

definition of synarthrotic

A

no movement

52
Q

defintion of amphiarthrotic

A

slight movement

53
Q

definition of diarthrotic

A

movement, wide range of motion

54
Q

synovial joints

A

fluid space between bones

55
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

only cartilage is between the joints

56
Q

fibrous joints

A

fibers and connective tissue; bones are held together by collagen fibers

57
Q

what type of joint is a suture?

A

synarthrotic, which means there is no movement

58
Q

what is synchondrosis held together by?

A

hyaline cartilage

59
Q

where is fibrocartilage found?

A

disc of the pubic symphysis ; it has slight movement

60
Q

synovial joint

A

diarthrotic; has a wide range of motion

61
Q

where does articular cartilage come from?

A

comes from the hyaline cartilage when we were a fetus

62
Q

whats the purpose of synovial fluid

A

reduces friction

63
Q

whats the purpose of a joint capsule

A

keeps the synovial fluid in

64
Q

bursa

A

limits friction within the tendons; it is found in joints with a wide range of motion

65
Q

menisci

A

reduces pressure, made of dense connective tissue; only found in the knee and jaw

66
Q

sutures are?

A

not capable of movement; synarthrotic

67
Q

invertebral joints are?

A

amphiarthrotic ; slight movement

68
Q

the elbow joint is ?

A

biaxial

69
Q

which joint is the most mobile joint?

A

shoulder joint

70
Q

by definition what are all synovial joints ?

A

diarthrotic

71
Q

which plane of movement is flexion and extension?

A

multiaxial

72
Q

which plane of movement is adduction and abduction?

A

multiaxial

73
Q

which plane of movement is rotation?

A

multiaxial

74
Q

what is a saddle joint

A

two joint movement

75
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a type of diffusion in which the molecules move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration assisted by a carrier

76
Q

which ion is greater in the extracellular fluid

A

sodium

77
Q

which ion is greater in the cytoplasm

A

potassium

78
Q

what is compartmentalization

A

like cabinets in a kitchen; the cell membrane creates compartments

79
Q

what is passive ion movement?

A

ions near the membrane will be the only ones to go through because of diffusion

80
Q

what is the resting potential membrane?

A

when a cell isn’t sending an impulse

81
Q

why is the potassium permeability greater than the sodium permeability?

A

because sodium comes in all the time with glucose, that is why there is a pump to move the ions out of the cell

82
Q

what is a leak channel

A

its where things escape (always open)

83
Q

what is the resting Vm?

A

-70

84
Q

what is net flux

A

no net gains or losses, its at a steady state

85
Q

what are dendrites

A

they carry the information toward the cell body

86
Q

what is the trigger zone

A

the trigger zone is between the cell body and the axon. it is the point where the threshold is met; a change occurs

87
Q

what is the cell membrane made of

A

fat

88
Q

what’s the purpose of the Schwan cell

A

makes myelin

89
Q

what is myelin

A

layers of the cell membrane that insulates the axon, which then makes the axon transmit nerve messages faster

90
Q

what is synapse

A

when one nerve talks to another

91
Q

what’s the synaptic knob

A

its a knob like structure that releases chemicals

92
Q

what’s the presynaptic cell

A

brings the message

93
Q

what is a graded response

A

if you have a tiny stimulus, then you’ll have a tiny response. big stimulus, big response

94
Q

what occurs in a postsynaptic cell

A

the presynaptic neuron releases a chemical, chemical then acts like a ligand, ligand channels open, and sodium enters with its gradient which is what causes the positive charge

95
Q

can presynaptic knobs send the same response ? or can they be different?

A

they can be different

96
Q

what is depolarization

A

amount of polarization is smaller than the resting membrane potential (toward threshold)

97
Q

what is repolarization?

A

goes back to where you started ( returns back to the resting membrane)

98
Q

what is hyperpolarization?

A

larger than it was before (away from threshold)

99
Q

what happens during repolarization?

A

ion channels close, and the active transport puts everything back to where it started

100
Q

what is active transport

A

the process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy

101
Q

what does EPSP stand for

A

excitatory post synaptic potential

102
Q

what does IPSP stand for

A

inhibitory post synaptic potential

103
Q

what is EPSP

A

toward the threshold

104
Q

what is IPSP

A

away from the threshold

105
Q

what is temporal summation

A

closer together in time to meet the threshold

106
Q

what is spatial summation

A

adding responses together to meet threshold

107
Q

what is EPSP-IPSP cancellation

A

canceling out of messages so therefore nothing happens. 2 depolarizing stimuli and 2 hyperpolarizing stimuli; makes 0

108
Q

what is subthreshold

A

all or none. all responses are identical once the threshold is met. doesn’t matter if you exceed threshold or barely reach it, you either get threshold or not

Anatomy and Physiology 225 (18 decks)

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