Chapter 7: Skeletal System / Joints Flashcards
1
Q
what are the different kinds of bone shapes?
A
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
2
Q
development vs growth?
A
development is starting with something, and growth is making something it already had
3
Q
ossification vs calcification
A
ossification deals with bone, calcification accumulates calcium
4
Q
what is irregular bone mostly made of?
A
spongy bone
5
Q
What happens when spongy bone fails?
A
The vertebrae form a pie shape, which causes a hunchback
6
Q
What is a sesamoid surrounded by ?
A
Soft tissue
7
Q
Where is the periosteum found
A
Around the outside of the organ
8
Q
What is the periosteum
A
Dense fibers holding it to the bone
9
Q
What is the proximal and distal epiphysis covered in
A
Articular cartilage
10
Q
Where is the diaphysis?
A
Middle section of the long bone
11
Q
What is the purpose of having spongy bone on the ends of a long bone
A
Has a larger surface , but since it’s porous it’s light
12
Q
What is the endosteum
A
A membrane that lines the medullary cavity
13
Q
What is the medullary cavity
A
A hollow structure filled with blood vessels
14
Q
What does yellow marrow mainly consist of
A
Fat
15
Q
what is a lamellae
A
is a ring of bone tissue
16
Q
what is an osteon
A
a bunch of concentric rings
17
Q
which type of bone has tons of blood vessels?
A
compact bone
18
Q
what is a canaliculus
A
passage ways through the matrix
19
Q
what is a lacuna
A
where the osteocytes are found
20
Q
what is trabeculae
A
boney plates
21
Q
which kind if bone is most likely to fail if it has osteoporosis?
A
spongy bone
22
Q
what is hyaline cartilage
A
the starting material for bone development
23
Q
what is found in the extracellular matrix
A
fibers
24
Q
what does the nuclei of fibroblasts do?
A
makes fibers (collagen)
25
where does intramembranous ossification take place
flat bones
26
what is a progenitor cell
known as a stem cell, it is a developing cell into some kind of connective tissue. you only have these cells as a fetus
27
what is the ossification center
where it all started
28
what is an osteoblast
they activated the right genes to start the pathway to bone cells, by producing their own lacuna around themselves with the canaliculi passageway it is able to make bone
29
how is an osteocyte created
when it builds lacuna
30
which kind of bone shows up last in intramembranous ossification
compact bone; it only goes where you need it
31
what kind of bone is always created first in both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?
spongy bone
32
what does endochondral ossification start as?
hyaline cartilage
33
what is the epiphyseal plate
part of the bone that grows in length
34
what does secondary ossification center mean
just that it shows up later, it is not less important
35
what is the zone of resting cartilage
it attaches to the epithelial plate and is not actively dividing. it has a very slow metabolic rate
36
what is the zone of proliferating cartilage
it is in active cell division
37
what is zone of hypertrophic cartilage
has a high level of growth
38
what is the zone of calcified cartilage
dying cells
39
what is the relative term for diaphysis
proximal
40
osteocyte ?
found in lacuna
41
osteoblast?
makes bone tissue
42
osteoclast?
destroys bone tissue
43
purpose of vitamin D?
absorbs calcium
44
why are vitamins important for bones
critical for bone maintenance
45
what does calcitonin do
lowers calcium
46
why is the purpose of a thyroid gland
monitors the calcium intake
47
what is calcitonin
it stimulates osteoblasts which takes calcium out the blood and into bones
48
where is the parathyroid gland located
behind the thyroid
49
what does the parathyroid hormone do
it stimulates osteoclasts which break down bone tissue
50
what does parathyroid mean
to raise calcium
51
definition of synarthrotic
no movement
52
defintion of amphiarthrotic
slight movement
53
definition of diarthrotic
movement, wide range of motion
54
synovial joints
fluid space between bones
55
cartilaginous joints
only cartilage is between the joints
56
fibrous joints
fibers and connective tissue; bones are held together by collagen fibers
57
what type of joint is a suture?
synarthrotic, which means there is no movement
58
what is synchondrosis held together by?
hyaline cartilage
59
where is fibrocartilage found?
disc of the pubic symphysis ; it has slight movement
60
synovial joint
diarthrotic; has a wide range of motion
61
where does articular cartilage come from?
comes from the hyaline cartilage when we were a fetus
62
whats the purpose of synovial fluid
reduces friction
63
whats the purpose of a joint capsule
keeps the synovial fluid in
64
bursa
limits friction within the tendons; it is found in joints with a wide range of motion
65
menisci
reduces pressure, made of dense connective tissue; only found in the knee and jaw
66
sutures are?
not capable of movement; synarthrotic
67
invertebral joints are?
amphiarthrotic ; slight movement
68
the elbow joint is ?
biaxial
69
which joint is the most mobile joint?
shoulder joint
70
by definition what are all synovial joints ?
diarthrotic
71
which plane of movement is flexion and extension?
multiaxial
72
which plane of movement is adduction and abduction?
multiaxial
73
which plane of movement is rotation?
multiaxial
74
what is a saddle joint
two joint movement
75
facilitated diffusion
a type of diffusion in which the molecules move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration assisted by a carrier
76
which ion is greater in the extracellular fluid
sodium
77
which ion is greater in the cytoplasm
potassium
78
what is compartmentalization
like cabinets in a kitchen; the cell membrane creates compartments
79
what is passive ion movement?
ions near the membrane will be the only ones to go through because of diffusion
80
what is the resting potential membrane?
when a cell isn't sending an impulse
81
why is the potassium permeability greater than the sodium permeability?
because sodium comes in all the time with glucose, that is why there is a pump to move the ions out of the cell
82
what is a leak channel
its where things escape (always open)
83
what is the resting Vm?
-70
84
what is net flux
no net gains or losses, its at a steady state
85
what are dendrites
they carry the information toward the cell body
86
what is the trigger zone
the trigger zone is between the cell body and the axon. it is the point where the threshold is met; a change occurs
87
what is the cell membrane made of
fat
88
what's the purpose of the Schwan cell
makes myelin
89
what is myelin
layers of the cell membrane that insulates the axon, which then makes the axon transmit nerve messages faster
90
what is synapse
when one nerve talks to another
91
what's the synaptic knob
its a knob like structure that releases chemicals
92
what's the presynaptic cell
brings the message
93
what is a graded response
if you have a tiny stimulus, then you'll have a tiny response. big stimulus, big response
94
what occurs in a postsynaptic cell
the presynaptic neuron releases a chemical, chemical then acts like a ligand, ligand channels open, and sodium enters with its gradient which is what causes the positive charge
95
can presynaptic knobs send the same response ? or can they be different?
they can be different
96
what is depolarization
amount of polarization is smaller than the resting membrane potential (toward threshold)
97
what is repolarization?
goes back to where you started ( returns back to the resting membrane)
98
what is hyperpolarization?
larger than it was before (away from threshold)
99
what happens during repolarization?
ion channels close, and the active transport puts everything back to where it started
100
what is active transport
the process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy
101
what does EPSP stand for
excitatory post synaptic potential
102
what does IPSP stand for
inhibitory post synaptic potential
103
what is EPSP
toward the threshold
104
what is IPSP
away from the threshold
105
what is temporal summation
closer together in time to meet the threshold
106
what is spatial summation
adding responses together to meet threshold
107
what is EPSP-IPSP cancellation
canceling out of messages so therefore nothing happens. 2 depolarizing stimuli and 2 hyperpolarizing stimuli; makes 0
108
what is subthreshold
all or none. all responses are identical once the threshold is met. doesn't matter if you exceed threshold or barely reach it, you either get threshold or not
