Muscles of the Loin, Hip, and Thigh

Question 1

Sacrotuberous ligament

Answer 1

Courses from transverse processes of last sacral and first caudal vertebrae to lateral angle of ischiatic tuberosity
Attachment site for: biceps femoris m., superficial gluteal m., piriformis m., abductor cruris caudalis m.

Question 2

Muscles of the hamstrings

Answer 2

Biceps femoris m.
Semitendinosus m.
Semimembranosus m.

Question 3

Biceps femoris m.

Answer 3

O: Ischiatic tuberosity; sacrotuberous ligament (dog)
I: Patella via fascia lata and crural fascia; cranial border of the tibia; tuber calcanei via common calcanei tendon
N: Sciatic n.
A: Whole muscle - abduct and extend limb
Cranial part - extend hip and stifle
Caudal part - flex the stifle
Common calcaneal tendon - extend tarsus
When limb is on ground - powerful thrust on trunk

Question 4

Semitendinosus m.

Answer 4

O: Ischiatic tuberosity
I: Medial surface of body of tibia; tuber calcanei via common calcaneal tendon
N: Sciatic n.
A: Extend hip and stifle, flex hock

Question 5

Semimebranosus m.

Answer 5

O: Ischiatic tuberosity
I: Distomedial femur; proximal tibia
N: Sciatic n.
A: Extend hip, flex stifle

Question 6

Caudal crural abductor m.

Answer 6

O: Dog - ischiatic tuberosity and sacrotuberous ligament
Cat - Ca 1 or Ca 2
I: Crural fascia
N: Sciatic n.
A: Abduct the pelvic limb

Question 7

Sartorius m. - Dog

Answer 7

O: Cranial part - iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
Caudal part - tuber coxae
I: Cranial part - patella
Caudal part - cranial border of tibia
N: Femoral n.
A: Cranial part - flex hip, extend stifle
Caudal part - flex hip, flex stifle

Question 8

Sartorius m. - Cat

Answer 8

O: Iliac crest and wing of ilium
I: Patella and cranial border of tibia
N: Femoral n.
A: Cranial part - flex hip, extend stifle
Caudal part - Flex hip, flex stifle

Question 9

Gracilis m.

Answer 9

O: Pelvic symphysis
I: Cranial border of tibia; tuber calcanei
N: Obturator n.
A: Adduct pelvic limb, flex stifle, extend hip, extend hock

Question 10

Pectineus m.

Answer 10

O: Iliopubic eminence and pubic tubercle via prepubic tendon
I: Distal medial end of femur
N: Obturator n.
A: Adduct pelvic limb

Question 11

Adductor

Answer 11

O: Pelvic symphysis, ischiatic arch, ventral pubis and ischium
I: Caudal rough face of femur
N: Obturator n.
A: Adduct pelvic limb, extend hip

Question 12

Femoral triangle

Answer 12

Boundaries:
Proximal - inguinal ligament
Cranial - sartorius m., caudal belly
Caudal - pectineus m.
Medial - medial femoral fascia
Lateral - iliopsoas and vastus medialis mm.

Associated structures:
-Saphenous n.
-Femoral a.
-Femoral v.

Question 13

Tensor fasciae latae m.

Answer 13

O: Tuber coxae
I: Fascia lata
N: Cranial gluteal n.
A: Flex hip, extend stifle

Question 14

Superficial gluteal m.

Answer 14

O: Sacrum, Ca1 vertebra, sacrotuberous ligament
I: 3rd trochanter of femur
N: Caudal gluteal n.
A: Extend hip

Question 15

Middle gluteal m.

Answer 15

O: Crest and gluteal surface of ilium
I: Greater trochanter of femur
N: Cranial gluteal n.
A: Extend hip, abduct limb at hip

Question 16

Piriformis m.

Answer 16

O: Lateral surface of 3rd sacral and 1st caudal vertebrae
I: Greater trochanter of femur with middle gluteal m.
N: Cranial gluteal n.
A: Extend the hip, abduct limb at hip

Question 17

Deep gluteal m.

Answer 17

O: Body of ilium and ischiatic spine
I: Greater trochanter of femur
N: Cranial gluteal n.
A: Extend hip, abduct limb at hip, rotate pelvic limb medially

Question 18

Cranial crural abductor m.

Answer 18

O: Ca 2-4
I: Fascia lata
N: Caudal gluteal n.
A: Abduct limb at hip

Not present in dogs; located between superficial gluteal and biceps femoris

Question 19

Internal obturator m.

Answer 19

O: Pelvic symphysis and dorsal surface of ischium and pubis
I: Trochanteric fossa of femur
N: Sciatic n.
A: Rotate pelvic limb laterally at hip

Question 20

Gemelli mm.

Answer 20

O: Lateral surface of ischium, caudal to acetabulum
I: Trochanteric fossa of femur
N: Sciatic n.
A: Rotate pelvic limb laterally at hip

Question 21

Quadratus femoris m.

Answer 21

O: Ventral surface of caudal part of ischium
I: Intertrochanteric crest of femur
N: Sciatic n.
A: Extend hip, rotate pelvic limb laterally at hip

Question 22

External obturator m.

Answer 22

O: Ventral surface of pubis and ischium
I: Trochanteric fossa of femur
N: Obturator n.
A: Rotate the pelvic limb laterally at hip

Question 23

Rectus femoris m.

Answer 23

O: Ilium - cranial to acetabulum
I: Tibial tuberosity
N: Femoral n.
A: Flex hip, extend stifle

Muscle of the quadriceps femoris m.

Question 24

Vastus lateralis m.

Answer 24

O: Craniolateral part of proximal femur
I: Tibial tuberosity
N: Femoral n.
A: Extend stifle

Muscle of the quadriceps femoris m.

Question 25

Vastus medialis m.

Answer 25

O: Proximal medial femur
I: Tibial tuberosity
N: Femoral n.
A: Extend the stifle

Muscle of the quadriceps femoris m.

Question 26

Vastus intermedius m.

Answer 26

O: Proximal lateral femur
I: Tibial tuberosity
N: Femoral n.
A: Extend stifle

Question 27

Psoas minor m.

Answer 27

O: T13, L1-L5 vertebrae
I: Arcuate line and iliopubic eminence
N: Lumbar nn.
A: Steepen the pelvis, flex the lumbar vertebrae

Question 28

Psoas major m.

Answer 28

O: Transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae L2-L7
I: Lesser trochanter of femur
N: Lumbar nn., femoral n.
A: Flex the hip

Part of iliopsoas m.

Question 29

Iliacus m.

Answer 29

O: Ventral surface of ilium between arcuate line and lateral border of ilium
I: Lesser trochanter of femur
N: Lumbar nn., femoral n.
A: Flex the hip

Part of the iliopsoas m.

Question 30

Quadratus lumborum m.

Answer 30

O: T11-13, L1-L7 vertebrae
I: Wing of ilium
N: Lumbar nn.
A: Fix the lumbar vertebrae