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S1 Anatomy > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

muscle tissue embryological origin

A

mesoderm

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2
Q

muscle tissue types

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

  • characteristics (2)
  • type of contraction
  • appearance
A 
characteristics
-striated
-voluntary
strong, quick discontinuous contraction
appearance
-long, cylindrical peripherally located nuclei
-multinucleated with cross-striations
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4
Q

cardiac muscle

  • type of contraction
  • appearance
A 
strong, quick continuous (involuntary) contractions
appearance
-cross-striations
-branched
-end-to-end contact = intercalated discs
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5
Q

smooth muscle

  • type of contraction
  • appearance
A

weak, slow (involuntary) contractions
appearance
-collections of fusiform cells (do not show cross-striations)

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6
Q

muscle tissue is encased by… (broad term)

A

connective tissue

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7
Q

connective tissue network around muscle

  • function
  • types
A

function
-important for transmission of contractile forces through the entire muscle
-necessary since individual fibers don’t extend entire length
types
-epimysium
-perimysium
-endomysium

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8
Q

epimysium

  • type of CT
  • location
A

dense irregular CT

surrounds entire muscle

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9
Q

perimysium

  • type of CT
  • location
A

thin septa of loose CT

separates and surrounds individual bundles of muscle fibers

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10
Q

endomysium

  • type of CT
  • location
  • what is a unique function?
A

fine connective tissue
surrounds individual fibers, mostly basal lamina and reticular fibers
unique function
-carries capillaries along and through entire muscle

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11
Q

myotendinous junction

  • composition
  • inserts where?
A

collagen fibers of regular dense connective tissue

insert into endomysium

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12
Q

striated muscle components (4)

A

myoblasts
myotubes - primary, secondary
muscle - primary, mature
satellite cells

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13
Q

satellite cell function

A

allow for some regenerative capability

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14
Q

regenerative capability of the 3 types of muscle tissue

A 
cardiac
-none
skeletal
-few satellite cells (limited production of myoblasts)
--development of muscle fiber
--"repair" of muscle is thus by hypertrophy of remaining muscle fibrils
smooth
-highly mitotic
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15
Q

muscle spindle

  • location
  • arrangement
  • attached to…
A

location
-within skeletal muscles
arranged in parallel with the muscle fibers
attached to
-CT coverings of perimysium and endomysium

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16
Q

what will change the length of the muscle spindle

A

any change in length of the CT covering during muscle contraction or stretch

17
Q

spindle responds to…

-what structures allow this response

A

responds to changes in length of the muscle
structures that allow this
-sensory endings located within an encapsulated area
-small muscle fibers positioned at the ends of the receptor area
–allow for “resetting” of the sensitivity of the muscle spindle

18
Q

muscle spindle receptors are designed to respond to either…

A

dynamic (phasic) stretch

static (tonic) stretch

19
Q

muscle spindle endings that respond to dynamic stretch

  • rate of adaptation
  • activity length
  • what do they encode?
A 
rapidly adapting
activity is short-lived
encode
-velocity of stretch
-duration of change
20
Q

muscle spindle endings that respond to static stretch

  • rate of adaptation
  • function
  • duration of respose
A

slow-adapting receptors
purpose
-maintain signaling of a stretch that is maintained
respond over time (long response)

21
Q

how is the sensitivity of muscle spindle receptors altered?

A

via selective control by gamma motor neurons

22
Q

what is a gamma motor neuron?

A

small motor neuron specific to muscle fibers within the muscle spindle

23
Q

golgi tendon organ (GTO)

  • location
  • receptors responsible for..
A

located within the tendinous attachment of a muscle to bone

responsible for encoding tension within the tendon

24
Q

in terms of where the encoded information is coming from, what is the difference between muscle spindles and GTOs?

A

muscle spindles
-encode information at muscle level
GTO
-encode information at tendon level

25
Q

GTOs

-functions

A

signal change in tension (resistance to the force of contraction)
capable of signaling a response to excess tension as a protective mechanism

26
Q

when a PT taps the patellar tendon, what is happening and what structures are causing change?
-what is the reflex that occurs called?

A

what is happening
-short instantaneous stretch of quadriceps
muscle spindle is being stimulated
little change to GTO since little tension is created
reflex called
-deep tendon reflex (DTR)

27
Q

what reflex is the DTR sometimes confused with (ie they’re not the same)

A

stretch reflex

-aka muscle stretch reflex/myotatic reflex

28
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics (3)

A

striated
-similar to skeletal muscle
branched cells
-attached to adjacent cell by intercalated disc
single or double centrally located nuclei

29
Q

intercalated disc

-composition and function of each part

A

zonula adherens
-anchoring of actin fibers, similar to z-line
macula adherens (desmosomes)
-anchor cardiac cells together
gap junctions
-on longitudinal plane of uneven intercalated discs
-give ionic continuity of side-to-side cells

30
Q

t-tubule system

  • presence compared to in skeletal muscle
  • represented as…
A

present but not as regular as in skeletal muscle
represented as diads
-t-tubule and only one sarcoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

smooth muscle

-characteristics (6)

A

fusiform cells
non-striated
no T-tubule system
contraction initiated by Ca2+ (different mechanism than striated muscle)
Ca2+ is bound by calmodulin
contraction can be regulated by changes in cAMP levels

32
Q

fusiform cells (smooth muscle) characteristics

A

encased in basal lamina and reticular fibers

centrally located nucleus (single)

33
Q

what is calmodulin

A

calcium binding protein that activates myosin in smooth muscle

34
Q

an increase in cAMP levels results in…

A

phosphorylation of myosin

-muscle then contracts

35
Q

what is present in the smooth muscle of organ systems that is not present in the smooth muscle of other areas
-what is the purpose

A

gap junctions

-muscles contract together, so they function as a unit (syncytium)

36
Q

what is one reason (apart from synchronized contraction) for having gap junctions in smooth muscle?

A

there is little innervation in visceral smooth muscle such as the small intestine
gap junctions allow the nervous activation or message to be spread cell to cell

37
Q

what is a location with rich innervation of smooth muscle?

A

iris of the eye (multi-unit smooth muscle)

S1 Anatomy (31 decks)

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