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S1 Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

the presence of _____ beneath the _____, through a process called induction, causes a thickening of the _____ to form a _____

A

notochord
embryonic ectoderm
ectoderm
neural plate

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2
Q

neural plate consists of…

A

neural ectoderm

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3
Q

what does the neural plate do around day 18

A

invaginates along the midsagittal plane to form a neural groove

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4
Q

what happens in the neural plate by the end of the third week

A

neural folds adjacent to neural groove fuse above neural ectoderm to form a neural tube

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5
Q

developing neural tube is open where?

-what are these openings called?

A

open at the anterior and posterior ends

anterior and posterior neuropores, respectively

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6
Q

neural tube eventually separates from…

A

overlying ectoderm

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7
Q

what are the neural crest cells

A

group of neuroectodermal cells that are “left behind” on the dorsolateral sides as the neural tube is formed

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8
Q

when does the neural tube begin to close

-where does it begin

A

around day 22

at the level of future somite 4-6

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9
Q

how does the closure of the neural tube progress

A

rostrally and caudally

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10
Q

which neuropore of the neural tube (rostral or caudal) closes last?
-when does it close

A

caudal closes last

around day 27

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11
Q

failure of the neuropores to close results in…

A

spina bifida

-deformities of the nervous system and investing skeleton

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12
Q

where is the most common area for spina bifida to occur

  • cause
  • resulting neural tube defects may also involve…
A 
lumbar region
due to failure of the posterior neuropore to close
may also involve
-overlying tissues
-meninges
-vertebral column
-dorsal muscles
-skin
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13
Q

neural tube develops into…

A

central nervous system

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14
Q

CNS

-consists of…

A

brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

neural crest cells

-responsible for development of…

A

peripheral nervous system, including the autonomic nervous system
Schwann cells

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16
Q

Schwann cells

-purpose

A

myelinate the peripheral nervous system and the melanocytes noted in stratum basale of the epithelial lining of the skin

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17
Q

development of CNS is marked by rapid proliferation of the ____ end

A

rostral

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18
Q

“head fold” created due to…

A

overgrowth of the oropharyngeal membrane by the neural plate

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19
Q

lumen of neural tube becomes…

A

ventricular system of CNS

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20
Q

due to rapid growth of cranial end of CNS, what occurs

-these are termed

A

begins to bend

termed flexures

21
Q

what are the flexures?

-where do they occurs

A

cervical flexure
-between spinal cord and brainstem
cephalic flexure
-between brainstem and cerebral hemispheres

22
Q

brain region expands laterally into three _____

A

vesicles

23
Q

what are the three vesicles?

A 
rhombencephalon
-hindbrain
mesencephalon
-midbrain
prosencephalon
-forebrain
24
Q

secondary vesicle formation occurs in the…

-what is created in each

A 
rhombencephalon
-myelencephalon
-metencephalon
prosencephalon
-diencephalon
-telencephalon
25
Q

myelencephalon turns into…

A

medulla

26
Q

metencephalon turns into

A

pons and cerebellum

27
Q

diencephalon turns into

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland

28
Q

telencephalon turns into

A

cerebral hemispheres

basal ganglia

29
Q

CNS develops from _____ division and _____ followed by _____

A

develops from mitotic cell division and proliferation followed by migration of cells lining the neural tube

30
Q 
developing cells (that form the CNS) eventually form...
-what do these cells do?
A

neuroblasts (precursor neurons)
spongioblasts (precursor glial cells)
cells migrate away from the luminal surface to form the structures of the cord and brain

31
Q

neural tube divided into…

A

alar, basal, roof and floor plate

32
Q

what neural elements do the alar, basal, roof and floor plates turn into?

A 
roof and floor
-do not differentiate into neuronal elements
alar (located dorsally)
-sensory component of the cord and brain
basal (located ventrally)
-motor component of the card and brain
33
Q

neural crest cells form…

A 
sensory peripheral nerves, including
-dorsal root ganglia
-autonomic ganglia
-myelinating cells of the PNS
melanocytes
34
Q

embryonic mesoderm located lateral to the notochord is divided into…

A

3 divisions

  • paraxial
  • intermediate
  • lateral plate
35
Q

near the cervical flexure, the paraxial mesoderm begins to develop…

  • this begins when?
  • continues until…
A

furrows
begins at about 20 days
continues until about 30 days

36
Q

how many somite pairs develop

-how are they classified

A 
42-45
cranial
-4-5
cervical
-8
thoracic
-12
lumbar
-5
sacral
-5
coccygeal
-8-10
37
Q

every somite differentiates into…

-these are precursors to…

A 
sclerotome
dermomyotome
-dermatome
-myotome
precursors for the formation of the various dermal layers of the skin, muscles and bones and are associated with specific segmental levels of the developing nervous system
38
Q

initially, what is the relationship of the specific developing segmental nerve with a somite

A

direct

39
Q

what occurs to result in the somewhat altered image we have of a dermatome map

A

changes in the orientation of the limb bud

overlap mixing in the development of the specific muscle and dermal parts of the skin

40
Q

where does limb bud development begin

A

preaxial and postaxial border

41
Q

in which direction do the limb buds develop

A

ventrally, with hand and footplates facing each other

42
Q

arm development takes place _____ rapidly than that of the leg

A

more

43
Q

originally, the flexor aspect of the limbs is _____ and the extemsor aspect is_____, with the preaxial border being _____ and the postaxial border being _____

A

ventral
dorsal
cranial (rostral)
caudal

44
Q

a rotation begins in the arm that results in a _____

-consequence

A

lateral 90 degree displacement along the longitudinal axis
consequence
-puts future elbow pointing posteriorly, with the extensor muscles (of the proximal bone) lateral and posterior

45
Q

a rotation begins in the leg that results in a _____

-consequence

A

medial 90 degree displacement
places bend of knee facing forward, with the extensor compartment of the proximal bone now on the anterior part of the limb

46
Q

critical time of limb bud formation

A

24-42 days after fertilization

47
Q

day 24 (beginning of critical time of limb bud formation) coincides with _____

A

differentiation of the somites and the consequent organization of the limb differentiation

48
Q

drugs that disrupt limb bud differentiation may result in_____

A

deformities including lack of formation of limbs

-thalidomide: drug used in the 50’s to control morning sickness

S1 Anatomy (31 decks)

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