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S1 Anatomy > Mediastinum and Heart > Flashcards

Mediastinum and Heart Flashcards

1
Q

mediastinum

  • where is it/what is it
  • limited by
A

central compartment of thoracic cavity
limited by
-connective walls that separate this central region from the pleural cavities on either side

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2
Q

mediastinum

  • continuous anteriorly/posteriorly with…
  • continuous superiorly with…
  • attached inferiorly to…
A 
A/P
-sternum
-costal cartilages to the bodies of the vertebrae
superiorly
-thoracic aperture
inferiorly
-diaphragm
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3
Q

mediastinum divisions

A 
superior
inferior
-anterior
-middle
-posterior
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4
Q

inferior divisions of mediastinum separated by…

A

pericardium (CT)

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5
Q

what are the thoracic viscera located within the mediastinal regions?

A

esophagus
trachea and bifurcation to primary bronchii
heart
origin of great vessels

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6
Q

pericardium

  • location
  • composed of…
A

location
-middle region of inferior part of mediastinum
consists of a CT sac that is made up of 2 layers
-tough outer layer of dense irregular CT
-inner serous layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

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7
Q

fibrous pericardium continuous with…

A

tunica adventitia of great vessels

cervical fascia

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8
Q

inner layer (mesothelium) of pericardium

  • called…
  • reflected onto heart as…
A

called parietal epicardium

reflected onto heart as visceral epicardium or outermost layer of heart

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9
Q

visceral epicardium adheres to…

A

muscular myocardium (heart muscle)

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10
Q

3 layers of heart tissue

-continuous with…

A 
visceral epicardium
-outermost
myocardium
-cardiac branched striated muscle
endocardium
three layers continuous with three tunics of the vasculature
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11
Q

myocardium

-sarcomere arrangement

A

branched striated, similar to that of a skeletal muscle

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12
Q

why are differences in the type of muscle between the heart and muscles important

A

sarcomere contractions

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13
Q

how do sarcomeres in the heart connect?

-why is this important

A

via modified z-lines (intercalated discs)

ensures contraction occurs in a widespread fashion rather than a strict linear fashion as seen in skeletal muscle

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14
Q

why are branched sarcomeres of the heart connected by gap junctions

A

allow direct sharing of cytoplasmic signals

in the heart, the sharing is of Ca++ to assure contraction

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15
Q

where in the heart is there a gross difference of appearance in terms to muscle (sarcomeres)
-is the myocardium different in these areas?

A

between atrium and ventricular walls
pectinate and trabeculae carneae
branched striated myocardium is similar

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16
Q

fibrous skeleton of heart

  • histological composition
  • function
A

composition
-dense collagen
supports integrity of
-cusps of the valves
-opening of each transition from chamber to vessel and between chambers
“insulator” of electrical activity limiting the spread of contraction from the atria to the ventricles, directing the depolarizing wave to the atrioventricular node

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17
Q

heart conductive system function

A

designed to spread a depolarizing wave across the atria and ventricles

18
Q

from sinoatrial node, wave goes to…

A

goes through both atria myogenically (through the muscle)

19
Q

myogenic spread of signal through atria limited to atria by…

A

fibrous skeleton

20
Q

wave from SA node converges at…

-what is activated here

A

atrioventricular node

activates AV bundle (bundle of His)

21
Q

AV bundle

  • location
  • function
A

location
-located in interventricular septum
-branches near apex of heart to spread through a right and left bundle branch
function
-right bundle branch supplies right ventricle
-left bundle branch supplies left ventricle

22
Q

bundle branches end in…

-function of these

A

end in purkinje fibers

spread depolarization across walls of ventricles

23
Q

function of papillary muscles from a timing standpoint

A

contract first in order to stabilize the two AV valves to resist prolapse and regurgitation of blood back into the atria

24
Q

atrial and ventricular walls

  • marked by
  • these are not found…
A

marked by multiple muscular fiber ridges

ridges not present on interatrial or interventricular septa

25
Q

atrial and ventricular ridges

-function

A

assist in complete contraction of the walls of the chambers

26
Q

markings of thin vs. thick walled atria

A

thin
-pectinate muscles
thick
-trabeculae carneae

27
Q

chordae tendineae

-what are they

A

strong connective tissue attachments between papillary muscles of the ventricular system and the connective tissue edges of the cusps of the AV valves

28
Q

myocardium perfused by…

A

two coronary arteries and their branches

29
Q

where are the openings of the coronary arteries

A

behind the left and right cusps of the aortic valve

30
Q

left coronary artery primary branches

A

anterior interventricular artery (LCA; left anterior descending)
circumflex of the LCA

31
Q

right coronary artery branches

A

marginal branch that travels along right ventricule

terminal posterior interventricular branch

32
Q

posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery

-has a…

A

capillary bed that overlaps the circumflex branch of the LCA

33
Q

LAD

  • termed the…
  • also known as
A

widow maker

also known as L interventricular artery

34
Q

venous drainage relation to arterial supply in heart

A

parallels it

35
Q

veins of the heart

A

great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein

36
Q

where do the great cardiac vein and the middle cardiac vein lie

A

interventricular groove anterior and posterior, respectively

37
Q

small cardiac vein parallels…

A

marginal branch of RCA

38
Q

veins of the heart drain into…

A

cardiac sinus that lies in the right atrioventricular sulcus posteriorly
this drains into the right atrium

39
Q

when are the coronary arteries covered

A

during systolic time frame of cardiac cycle

40
Q

what happens to the coronary arteries at the beginning of diastole

A

ventricles begin to relax

elasticity of the aorta pushes blood back toward aortic valve

41
Q

what occurs when the elasticity of the aorta pushes blood back toward the aortic valve

A

it mechanically closes the cusps of the valve

blood pools in the aortic sinuses of the left and right aortic cusps

42
Q

function of elastic pressure of aorta during diastole

A

perfuses arterial blood into the coronary vessels

S1 Anatomy (31 decks)

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