Muscle

Question 1

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 1

Connected electrically
Depolarisation can spread from one cell to the other
Mononucleate

Question 2

Smooth Muscle

Answer 2

Made of contractile protein
Electrically connected
Mononucleate

Question 3

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 3

Small cells fused
1 large unit with multiple nuclei
Replaced by fibroblasts and scar tissue- doesn’t have many satellite cells

Question 4

Z line

Answer 4

Anchoring points for other fibres

Question 5

Titin

Answer 5

Guiding proteins

Question 6

Muscle Contracts =

Answer 6

Muscle gets shorter

Question 7

How many ATP sites are on the head of myosin cross bridges

Answer 7

2

Question 8

Cross Bridge Cycle

Answer 8

1. Action potential propagation into transverse tubules causes the release Ca2+ from lateral sac in sarcoplasmic retuclum
2. Calcium binds to troponin which removes blocking action of tropomyosin
3. Myosin can now attach to actin filaments and cross bridges move with the help of ATP
4. Ca2+ removal restores troponin to tropomyosin (blocking action)
5. Ca2+ taken back into the SR using ATP

Question 9

Forces being exerted on muscle

Answer 9

Load

Question 10

Muscle exerting force

Answer 10

Tension

Question 11

Summation

Answer 11

AP fired close together

Question 12

Tetanus

Answer 12

Sustained contraction

Question 13

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 13

Increase in lactic acid

Denatures protein

Question 14

Central Command Figure

Answer 14

Release of serotonin that interacts with ability to generate motor neuron firing pattern

Question 15

Skeletal Muscle Fibres

Answer 15

Oxidative- Fast (high ATPase activity)

Glycolytic- Slow (low ATPase activity)

Question 16

Oxidative

Answer 16

Contains myoglobin
Fibres appear red
Low diameter to allow diffusion of O2
Can be Fast of slow

Question 17

Glycolytic

Answer 17

Low blood supply

Large diameters

Question 18

Smooth Muscle Contraction

Answer 18

Calmodulin binds to myosin light chain kinase and phosphorylates cross bridges with ATP
Bridges bind to actin and cause a contraction

Question 19

Muscle Fibre Recruitment

Answer 19

Slow Oxidative
Fast Oxidative
Slow Glycolytic

Question 20

Adaption of Muscle

Answer 20

Atrophy- decrease
Hypertrophy- increase
Aerobic Exercise: increase mitochondria and vasculature and increase in fibre diameter
Anaerobic- increase in diameter of muscle, increase in glycolysis

Question 21

This type of muscle has ton; constant level of tension

Answer 21

Smooth muscle

Question 22

Factors affecting contractile activity

Answer 22

Hormones
Stretch
Local factors
Pacemaker activity

Question 23

Deep Fascia

Answer 23

Dense connective tissue that covers muscle

Question 24

Isotonic

Answer 24

Tension on the muscle stays the same
Eccentric- longer
Coccentric- shorter

Question 25

Isometric

Answer 25

Length stays the same

Bones muscle pulling on don’t move