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Science for Medicine A > Life at the Cellular Level > Flashcards

Life at the Cellular Level Flashcards

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1
Q

Making/breaking C-C bonds

A

Cleavage of glucose during glycolysis

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2
Q

Internal rearrangements

A

Glucose-6-phosphate&raquo_space;> Fructose-6-phosphate (phosphohexose isomerase)

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3
Q

Group Transfer

A

ATP provides energy

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4
Q

Condensations and Hydrolyses

A

Subunits of proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids

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5
Q

Chemical reactions of life

A 
Redox
Making and breaking C-C bonds
Internal rearrangements
Group transfers
Condensation and hydrolysis
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6
Q

Why are cells so small

A

To maximise ratio of surface area to volume- waste gets out quickly and nutrients move in more quickly

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7
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Bacteria
Lack of nuclear membrane
No mitochondria
No membrane bound structures

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8
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Human cells
Multicellular animals and plants
Nucleus with membrane
Membrane bound structures

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9
Q

Stem cells

A

cells that can differentiate into many types (multipotent) or all cell types of the body (pluripotent)

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10
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Series of changes due to gene expression or cell fusions

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11
Q

Function of Plasma Membrane

A 
Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Intracellular joining
Enzymatic activity
cell-cell recognition
Receptors for signal transduction
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM
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12
Q

Cell adhesion

A

Tight junctions
Adhesive junctions ( adherens and desmosomes, hemidesmosomes)
Gap Junctions

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13
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Create a physical barrier for diffusion across layers of cells and are calcium dependent

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14
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

Link actin filaments in two cells such as epithelial cells

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15
Q

Desmosomes

A

Link keratin filaments in two different cells

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16
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Only joins on side that links epithelial cell to basement membrane

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17
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Channels that link two cell cytoplasms together

Contain connexinx: 6 subunit membrane spanning proteins

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18
Q

Types of cell signalling

A 
Contact dependent
Paracrine
Synaptic
Endocrine
Autocrine
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19
Q

Cell organelles

A 
Mitochondria
Nucleus
ER
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Cell surface projections
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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Rod shaped organelle which converts nutrients and oxygen to ATP

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

an organelle containing degrading enzymes

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22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structure that helps maintain cell shape and internal organisation
Facilitates movement through three main components: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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23
Q

Cell surface projections

A

Cilia (short) and Flagella (longer)

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24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

RER- site of membrane and secretory protein synthesis

SER- site of phospholipid synthesis and detoxification of compounds

25
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Received membrane vesicles from the RER, further modifies the proteins and then packages them. It fuses with cell membrane and releases them

26
Q

Entropy

A

measure of disorder

27
Q

2 laws that govern energy change

A
  1. Energy can be converted to one form from another but remains constant
  2. All energy transformation leads to an increase in entropy
28
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

Energy in a closed system

29
Q

Enthalpy

A

Heat released

30
Q

Catabolism

A

favourable»>produces energy

31
Q

Anabolism

A

unfavourable»»requires energy

32
Q

Spontaneous reactions____

A

Move towards equilibrium but never reach it

33
Q

Metabolism in what organ generates the most heat

A

Liver

34
Q

O atoms in H20 are _____ which attracts H of the covalent bond

A

Electronegative

35
Q

Electronegative

A

The tendency for an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself

36
Q

H bonds are strongest when the 3 atoms in water are

A

in a straight line

37
Q

Amphipatic

A

Hydrophobic and Hydophillic

38
Q

Proteins are water soluble due to____

A

the amino acids that are hydrophillic on the outside

39
Q

Hydrophobic lipids are transported in the blood in___

A

Chylomicrons

40
Q

KW =

A

Ion product of water

1 X 10^-14 M^2

41
Q

Ionisation of water

A

Keq = [H+][OH-]/H20

42
Q

Why does pure water have a pH of 7

A

> Kw tells you that [H+] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14

> In pure water the hydrogen ion concentration must be equal to the hydroxide ion concentration

> [H+]^2 = 1.00 x 10-14

> Square root of each side: [H+] = 1.00 x 10-7 mol dm-3

> pH = - log10 [H+]

> pH = 7

43
Q

1 PH unit =

A

Ten fold increase or decrease in [H+]
pH 4 is ten times more acidic than pH 5
H+ ion concentration and pH relate inversely.
OH- ion concentration and pH relate directly.

44
Q

Conjugate acid pair

A

Weak acid (proton donor) and weak base (proton acceptor)

45
Q

Strength of acid depends on____

A

ability to lose a proton [H+]

46
Q

The lower the Pka

A

the stronger the acid

47
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A 
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) weak base neutralises Acids
Carbonic Acid (H2Co3)- weak acid neutralises any bases (urea)
48
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Formation of ATP by direct transfer of phosphate molecule to ADP

49
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH ^2 to O^ 2 by a series of electron carriers

50
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

51
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

52
Q

NAD

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

53
Q

FAD

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

54
Q

NADP

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

55
Q

tRNA

A

carrying an amino acid to the protein synthetic machinery of a cell (ribosome) as directed by a 3-nucleotide sequence (codon) in a messenger RNA (mRNA)

56
Q

mRNA

A

Transfer of DNA to RNA

57
Q

rRNA

A

Part of the ribosome and is responsible for reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together

58
Q

DNA

A

D-2-deoxyribonucleic acid

Removal of OH group and replaced by H at Carbon 2

59
Q

RNA

A

D-ribose sugar

Ribonucleic acid

Science for Medicine A (31 decks)

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