Bone

Question 1

Functions of bone (4)

Answer 1

Weight bearing/support
Protection
Mineral store (ca2+)
Blood formation

Question 2

Articular Cartilage

Answer 2

smooth white tissue that covers ends of the bone to form joints

Question 3

Epiphyseal line/plate

Answer 3

Hyaline cartilage plate, located at each end of long bone where growth occurs in children and adolescents

Question 4

Spongy bone/ Trabecular bone

Answer 4

Porous bone, highly vascularised and contains red marrow

Question 5

Medullary cavity

Answer 5

Central cavity of bone shafts where red marrow and yellow marrow (adipose) is stored

Question 6

Endosteum

Answer 6

Thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines surface of medullary cavity

Question 7

Periosteum

Answer 7

a dense layer of vascularised connective tissue enveloping the bones, except surface of joints

Question 8

Nutrient Foramen

Answer 8

Holes in the periosteum which feeds blood vessels into the bone

Question 9

Osteons/Haversian System

Answer 9

Compact bone organised in circular structures

Question 10

Features of Haversion System

Answer 10

Volkmann's Canal
Haversian Canal
Osteon
Canaliculi
Osteocyte
Lamellae
Lacunae

Question 11

Canaliculi

Answer 11

Communication between cells

Question 12

Lacunae

Answer 12

Contain osteocytes

Question 13

Volkmann’s canal

Answer 13

Transport blood from periosteum into bone and communicate with Haversians system

Question 14

Haversians canal

Answer 14

Allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them

Question 15

Types of bones

Answer 15

Flat bone (frontal)
Sutural bone (fuse skull bones)
Short bone (capal)
Irregular bone (vertebrae)
Sesamoid bone- patella
Long bone (femur)

Question 16

Two types of bone formation

Answer 16

Endochondral

Intramembranous

Question 17

Endochondral

Answer 17

Most common in long bone growth

Question 18

Intramembranous

Answer 18

common in flat bone, mandible, maxilla, clavicles)

Question 19

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 19

Foetal hyaline cartilage model
Cartilage calcifies
Blood vessel invade cartilage
Primary ossification in diaphysis
Secondary ossification form in epiphysis
Bone replace cartilage except for epiphyseal growth plate
Growth plat eventually ossifies to form epiphyseal lines

Question 20

Mesenchymal cells develop into___

Answer 20

Osteoprogenitor cells that mature into osteoblasts

Question 21

Osteoblasts_____

Answer 21

deposit bone and residual mesenchymal cells develop blood vessels and bone marrow

Question 22

Intramembranous ossification also occurs in

Answer 22

adult cortical bone

Question 23

Osteoblasts secrete____

Answer 23

Osteoid

Question 24

Osteoid

Answer 24

unmineralised, organic portion of bone matrix

Question 25

Osteocyte

Answer 25

cells inside bone that come from osteoblasts

Question 26

Bone consist of _____

Answer 26

45% hydroxyapatite crystals
35% Collagen type 1
20% water

Question 27

Hydroxyapatite crystals

Answer 27

complex of calcium phosphate

Makes bone stiff and able to support structures

Question 28

Collagen type 1

Answer 28

gives bone flexibility and reduce risks of fractures

High tensile strength

Question 29

Water

Answer 29

important for mechanical properties

Question 30

Bone Turnover/Remodelling

Answer 30

Osteoclasts break down old bone

Osteoblasts buld new bone

Question 31

Howship’s Lacunae

Answer 31

Resorption pits

Question 32

Osteoblasts become ____ once surrounded by ____

Answer 32

Osteocyte and matrix

Question 33

Derived from haemopoietic cells (like macrophages) and found on bone surface

Answer 33

Osteoclasts

Question 34

Osteoporosis

Answer 34

More resorption than formation due to loss of inhibitory effect of oestrogen
Brittle bones

Question 35

Paget’s disease

Answer 35

Increase in formation

Leads to compression of nerves= deafness