Multiple Qs I got wrong

Question 1

Approximately ________ of women experience some physical symptoms along with menopause.
Question options:

a)

50%

b)

25%

c)

66%

d)

33%

Answer 1

c)

66%

Question 2

Over ________ of middle-aged adults report feeling that most days are quite a bit or extremely stressful.
Question options:

a)

30%

b)

90%

c)

10%

d)

70%

Answer 2

a

Question 3

An example of the type of activity that has the greatest potential to reduce bone density loss in middle adulthood is
Question options:

a)

swimming

b)

running

c)

None of the answers are correct.

d)

cycling

Answer 3

b)

running

Question 4

In Baltes’s SOC model, the “O” refers to the process of ________ in a way that moves a person closer to selected goals.
Question options:

a)

earning a high income

b)

achieving a high level of education

c)

applying effort and investment of resources

d)

identifying goals that are reasonable

Answer 4

c)

applying effort and investment of resources

Question 5

Which of these statements about the ethological perspective is false?

a)

Ethological perspective continues to influence comparative psychology.

b)

Imprinting suggests that animals are adaptive and flexible.

c)

Konrad Lorenz is a major theorist in the ethology.
Incorrect Response
d)

Ethologists study animal behaviours that promote survival.

Answer 5

The false statement about the ethological perspective is:

b) Imprinting suggests that animals are adaptive and flexible.

Imprinting, as studied by Konrad Lorenz, actually suggests that certain behaviors are innate and occur at specific critical or sensitive periods in an animal’s development, which makes them less flexible and more fixed rather than adaptive and flexible.

Question 6

According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following statements is false regarding the preoperational stage?

a)

Children in this stage believe all things are living.

b)

Children in this stage have significant language abilities.
Correct Answer
c)

The age range for children in this stage is three to five.

d)

Children in this stage are unable to consider another point of view.

Answer 6

c)

The age range for children in this stage is three to five.

Question 7

Knowing whether a person changes or stays the same over a developmental period reflects
Question options:

a)

None of the answers are correct.

b)

the stability-instability issue

c)

the nature-nurture issue

d)

the continuity-discontinuity issue

Answer 7

d)

the continuity-discontinuity issue

Continuity and discontinuity One issue at the forefront of developmental scholarship is the question of whether individual development is best explained by developmental continuity or discontinuity. In other words, does a person change or stay the same over the lifespan? Knowing the answer to this question helps us predict and explain human development

Question 8

Two key concepts related to the classical conditioning process are
Question options:

a)

generalization; discrimination

b)

stimulus; response

c)

internalization; externalization

d)

assimilation; accommodation

Answer 8

a)

generalization; discrimination

Generalization:

Definition: Generalization occurs when a conditioned response (CR) is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus (CS), even though these stimuli have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Example: If a dog has been conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell because the bell has been paired with food, the dog might also start to salivate to similar sounds, like a doorbell or a phone ringing.
Discrimination:

Definition: Discrimination is the process by which an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar but not identical. The organism learns to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.
Example: If the dog learns that only a specific bell tone is followed by food and not other similar sounds, it will salivate only to that specific bell tone and not to the others.

Question 9

The growth curves of human development address the

a)

the continuity-discontinuity issue

b)

the nature-nurture issue

c)

None of the answers are correct.

d)

the stability-instability issue

Answer 9

d)

the stability-instability issue

Developmental stability and instability In some cases, developmental researchers are interested in knowing how individuals change or stay the same compared with others. This is often the case when the goal is to describe average change over a period of development and when we want to assess whether an individual is developing in expected ways. To do this, developmentalists study rank order across the developmental period of interest (Figure 1.5). If rank order remains the same, this demonstrates developmental stability—everyone is developing at the same rate. Developmental instability, in contrast, suggests that individuals are changing in different ways compared with one anothe

Question 10

According to Balte’s view on the development of wisdom, what are the two biggest factors that contribute to wisdom?
Question options:

a)

Personality maturity and life experience

b)

Intelligence and age

c)

Age and life experience

d)

Personality traits and intelligence

Answer 10

a)

Personality maturity and life experience

Question 11

Which of the following statements on longitudinal studies is false?
Question options:

a)

Participant dropout will not affect the findings.

b)

Longitudinal studies directly measure developmental change.

c)

Longitudinal studies control for cohort effects.

d)

Longitudinal studies take a long time to complete.

Answer 11

a)

Participant dropout will not affect the findings.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a step in the research process?
Question options:

a)

Mobilizing knowledge

b)

Designing a study

c)

Interpreting data

d)

Developing intervention

Answer 12

d)

Developing intervention

Question 13

The growth curves of human development address the
Question options:

a)

the continuity-discontinuity issue

b)

the stability-instability issue

c)

the nature-nurture issue

d)

None of the answers are correct.

Answer 13

b)

the stability-instability issue

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the Apgar scale is false?
Question options:

a)

The five key indicators of the scale are summarized by the acronym APGAR.

b)

Seventy-five per cent of newborns receive a score of seven or higher on the Apgar scale.

c)

The Apgar scale was developed in 1952 by Virginia Apgar.

d)

Apgar scores are calculated one hour after birth.

Answer 14

d)

Apgar scores are calculated one hour after birth.

Question 15

___________ is a circumscribed period of time for women and their babies to rest and recover from birth.
Question options:

a)

Rest and relax period

b)

The lying-in period

c)

The post-partum period

d)

The bonding period

Answer 15

b)

The lying-in period

Question 16

Which of the following statements is false regarding genetic material?
Question options:

a)

Guanine always pairs with adenine.

b)

The specific place of a gene on a chromosome is called a locus.

c)

There are four chemical bases that make up DNA.

d)

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Answer 16

a)

Guanine always pairs with adenine.

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T).

Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

Question 17

The ________ is the distance from the top of the uterus to the pubic bone and can be used monitor the pregnancy
Question 5 options:

a)

fundal height

b)

fetal position

c)

None of the answers are correct.

d)

caesarian section

Answer 17

a)

fundal height

Question 18

Which of the following is not one of the categories of prenatal expectations?
Question 14 options:

a)

Fearful

b)

Complacent

c)

Prepared

d)

Concerned

Answer 18

d)

Concerned

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding conception is true?

a)

The merged ova and sperm cell is called a morula.

b)

Fertilization takes place near the uterus.

c)

Ovulation occurs twice a month.

d)

The ovum and sperm cell are gametes.

Answer 19

d)

The ovum and sperm cell are gametes.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a hormone involved in the stimulation and regulation of uterine contractions?

a)

Oxytocin

b)

Endorphins

c)

Prostaglandins

d)

Serotonin

Answer 20

d)

Serotonin

Question 21

Which principle of development suggests that infants control looking (visual) behavior earlier in life than they do movement of the limbs and hands?

a) Cephalocaudal development
b) Proximodistal development
c) Cognitive development
d) Social development

Answer 21

b) Proximodistal development

Question 22

Which sense develops earliest in the fetus and is well developed at birth?

a. hearing

b. smell and taste

c. touch

d. vision

Answer 22

c. touch

Question 23

With respect to gross motor development, by 9 months almost all infants are able to ___________.
With respect to fine motor skill development, by 9 months almost all infants have most recently mastered the ability to ___________.

Answer 23

sit up
hold objects

Question 24

Which of the following statements about competence and performance is true?
Question options:

a)

Performance equals competence.

b)

Competence underestimates performance.

c)

Performance underestimates competence.

d)

Competence equals performance.

Answer 24

c)

Performance underestimates competence.

These findings underscore an important distinction between competence and performance. If infants are not able to perform a particular task, this does not necessar- ily mean that they lack the competence to understand the task. If the task was presented differently, they might perform well and show their true competence

Question 25

Which of the following statements regarding the development of vision in infants is true?
Question options:

a)

The visual preference paradigm has been used to determine the differences that infants can detect.

b)

Newborns initially prefer the interior features of objects over their edges.

c)

A newborn’s focal length is about 30–45 cms.

d)

Colour perception is fully developed by two months.

Answer 25

The correct statement regarding the development of vision in infants is:

a) The visual preference paradigm has been used to determine the differences that infants can detect.

Explanation:

The visual preference paradigm is a widely used method to study infant vision, where researchers present infants with two stimuli and measure their looking time towards each stimulus to infer preferences or differences detected by the infants.
This paradigm helps in understanding what infants are capable of perceiving and discriminating visually, such as differences in shapes, patterns, or contrasts.
Let’s briefly discuss why the other options are not correct:

b) Newborns initially prefer the interior features of objects over their edges: This statement is not accurate. Newborns typically prefer high-contrast edges and patterns, as they are more salient and easier to detect.

c) A newborn’s focal length is about 30–45 cms: This statement is incorrect. A newborn’s focal length is much shorter, generally around 20-25 cm. It gradually increases as the visual system develops.

d) Colour perception is fully developed by two months: This statement is also incorrect. While infants can detect colors from birth, color perception undergoes significant development in the first few months of life, becoming more nuanced and refined over time.

Therefore, option a) is the true statement regarding the development of vision in infants.

Question 26

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome occurs once for every ________ births.
Question options:

a)

5000

b)

3000

c)

1000

d)

7000

Answer 26

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) occurs once for every:

b) 3000 births

This statistic indicates the frequency at which SIDS cases occur relative to the number of live births. It’s important to note that while the exact causes of SIDS are not fully understood, efforts such as safe sleep practices (like placing babies on their backs to sleep) have been promoted to reduce the risk.

Question 27

In developing countries, Infants who are not breastfed are ________ times more likely to die.
Question options:

a)

3

b)

15

c)

6

d)

10

Answer 27

10

Question 28

When the caregiver is in the room in a Strange Situation, an infant with a(n) ________ attachment will explore places far away from the caregiver
Question options:

a)

insecure-avoidant

b)

insecure-resistant

c)

secure

d)

secure-avoidant

Answer 28

a)

insecure-avoidant

Question 29

The Statistics Canada health report indicates that the likelihood of breastfeeding increases for mothers who are ________.
Question options:

a)

married in urban residences

b)

not married in urban residences

c)

not married in rural residences

d)

married in rural residences

Answer 29

a)

married in urban residences

Question 30

At birth to three months, an infant’s typical hearing abilities include all of the following except
Question options:

a)

moves eyes in direction of sound

b)

quiets or smiles when spoken to

c)

recognizes caregiver voice

d)

startles to loud sounds

Answer 30

a)

moves eyes in direction of sound

Question 31

The social smile first emerges at around
Question options:

a)

1–2 months

b)

2–3 months

c)

3–4 months

d)

4–5 months

Answer 31

b)

2–3 months

Question 32

An infant with a slow-to-warm-up temperament has all of the features except
Question options:

a)

gradual adjustment

b)

fussiness

c)

low activity level

d)

initial withdrawal in novel situations

Answer 32

b)

fussiness

Question 33

Harlow’s research with terry-cloth monkey surrogates demonstrated that attachment
Question options:

a)

was not necessary for successful development

b)

was purely a result of reinforcement

c)

is an inborn developmental process.

d)

None of the answers are correct.

Answer 33

c) is an inborn developmental process.

Explanation:

Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys demonstrated that attachment is an inborn developmental process.
He showed that infant monkeys preferred a surrogate mother that was soft and comforting (made of terry-cloth) over a surrogate that provided food but was made of wire.
This emphasized the importance of comfort and emotional security (contact comfort) in the attachment process.
Harlow’s findings challenged the prevailing behaviorist notion at the time that attachment was solely a result of feeding (reinforcement).
Therefore, option c) correctly reflects Harlow’s findings and contributions to our understanding of attachment in developmental psychology.

Question 34

By the time children are four years old, they can speak or say over
Question options:

a)

1000 words

b)

4000 words

c)

2000 words

d)

3000 words

Answer 34

a)

1000 words

Question 35

Which of the following statements about information processing perspective in early childhood is false?
Question options:

a)

All the answers are false.

b)

Recognition in preschoolers is good, but recall is poor.

c)

The ability to direct attention is well established in preschool children.

d)

The information processing perspective has been criticized as being too simplistic.

Answer 35

a) All the answers are false.

Explanation:

This statement implies that all statements provided are false, which is not necessarily the case. It suggests a blanket negation of all options, which is not a specific critique or fact related to the information processing perspective in early childhood.
Let’s evaluate the other options for accuracy:

b) Recognition in preschoolers is good, but recall is poor.: This statement aligns with findings from the information processing perspective. Preschoolers typically show better performance in tasks involving recognition (identifying previously encountered information) compared to recall (retrieving information without explicit cues).

c) The ability to direct attention is well established in preschool children.: This statement is generally true. Preschool-aged children demonstrate improvement in their ability to focus and direct attention as part of their cognitive development.

d) The information processing perspective has been criticized as being too simplistic.: This statement is also true. Critics argue that the information processing perspective, while valuable, may oversimplify the complexities of cognitive development by focusing primarily on cognitive processes like attention, memory, and problem-solving without fully considering social and emotional factors.

Question 36

Using a pencil or pen is a ________ and most children can do so by age ________.
Question options:

a)

fine-motor skill; 4

b)

fine-motor skill; 3

c)

gross-motor skill; 4

d)

gross-motor skill; 3

Answer 36

a)

fine-motor skill; 4

Question 37

Approximately 25% of parents in Canada still use corporal punishment with children ages 2 to 11 years.
Question options:

a)

False

b)

True

Answer 37

b)

True

Question 38

Charlie is eight years old and is very good at soccer. His ability is a direct result of the maturation of
Question options:

a)

white matter

b)

the cerebellum

c)

the prefrontal cortex

d)

grey matter

Answer 38

d)

grey matter

Charlie’s proficiency in soccer at eight years old is attributed to the maturation of grey matter. Grey matter in the brain plays a crucial role in processing information and controlling motor skills, which are essential for activities like soccer.

Question 39

Social and emotional learning programs seek to foster ________ non-subject matter competence(s).
Question options:

a)

3

b)

5

c)

7

d)

1

Answer 39

b)

5

Question 40

A strong reliance on heteronomous morality in middle childhood indicates that moral development is
Question options:

a)

overdeveloped

b)

delayed

c)

None of the answers are correct.

d)

on time

Answer 40

b)

delayed

Question 41

Effective parenting in middle childhood involves learning to ________ less and ________ more.
Question options:

a)

monitor; direct

b)

direct; reward

c)

monitor; punish

d)

direct; monitor

Answer 41

d)

direct; monitor

Question 42

Data reported by the World Health Organization show that ________ per cent of eleven-year-olds report being bullied in Canadian schools.
Question options:

a)

11

b)

4

c)

17

d)

30

Answer 42

c)

17

Question 43

Asthma is the ________ cause of child hospitalization.
Question options:

a)

second leading

b)

third leading

c)

leading

d)

None of the answers are correct.

Answer 43

c)

leading

Question 44

Early positive experience with reading is linked to all of the following except
Question options:

a)

emotional regulation

b)

enhanced vocational success

c)

later academic achievement

Answer 44

a)

emotional regulation