Multiple Qs I got wrong

Question 1

Approximately ________ of women experience some physical symptoms along with menopause.
Question options:

a)

50%

b)

25%

c)

66%

d)

33%

Answer 1

c)

66%

Question 2

Over ________ of middle-aged adults report feeling that most days are quite a bit or extremely stressful.
Question options:

a)

30%

b)

90%

c)

10%

d)

70%

Answer 2

a

Question 3

An example of the type of activity that has the greatest potential to reduce bone density loss in middle adulthood is
Question options:

a)

swimming

b)

running

c)

None of the answers are correct.

d)

cycling

Answer 3

b)

running

Question 4

In Baltes’s SOC model, the “O” refers to the process of ________ in a way that moves a person closer to selected goals.
Question options:

a)

earning a high income

b)

achieving a high level of education

c)

applying effort and investment of resources

d)

identifying goals that are reasonable

Answer 4

c)

applying effort and investment of resources

Question 5

Which of these statements about the ethological perspective is false?

a)

Ethological perspective continues to influence comparative psychology.

b)

Imprinting suggests that animals are adaptive and flexible.

c)

Konrad Lorenz is a major theorist in the ethology.
Incorrect Response
d)

Ethologists study animal behaviours that promote survival.

Answer 5

The false statement about the ethological perspective is:

b) Imprinting suggests that animals are adaptive and flexible.

Imprinting, as studied by Konrad Lorenz, actually suggests that certain behaviors are innate and occur at specific critical or sensitive periods in an animal’s development, which makes them less flexible and more fixed rather than adaptive and flexible.

Question 6

According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following statements is false regarding the preoperational stage?

a)

Children in this stage believe all things are living.

b)

Children in this stage have significant language abilities.
Correct Answer
c)

The age range for children in this stage is three to five.

d)

Children in this stage are unable to consider another point of view.

Answer 6

c)

The age range for children in this stage is three to five.

Question 7

Knowing whether a person changes or stays the same over a developmental period reflects
Question options:

a)

None of the answers are correct.

b)

the stability-instability issue

c)

the nature-nurture issue

d)

the continuity-discontinuity issue

Answer 7

d)

the continuity-discontinuity issue

Continuity and discontinuity One issue at the forefront of developmental scholarship is the question of whether individual development is best explained by developmental continuity or discontinuity. In other words, does a person change or stay the same over the lifespan? Knowing the answer to this question helps us predict and explain human development

Question 8

Two key concepts related to the classical conditioning process are
Question options:

a)

generalization; discrimination

b)

stimulus; response

c)

internalization; externalization

d)

assimilation; accommodation

Answer 8

a)

generalization; discrimination

Generalization:

Definition: Generalization occurs when a conditioned response (CR) is triggered by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus (CS), even though these stimuli have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Example: If a dog has been conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell because the bell has been paired with food, the dog might also start to salivate to similar sounds, like a doorbell or a phone ringing.
Discrimination:

Definition: Discrimination is the process by which an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar but not identical. The organism learns to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.
Example: If the dog learns that only a specific bell tone is followed by food and not other similar sounds, it will salivate only to that specific bell tone and not to the others.

Question 9

The growth curves of human development address the

a)

the continuity-discontinuity issue

b)

the nature-nurture issue

c)

None of the answers are correct.

d)

the stability-instability issue

Answer 9

d)

the stability-instability issue

Developmental stability and instability In some cases, developmental researchers are interested in knowing how individuals change or stay the same compared with others. This is often the case when the goal is to describe average change over a period of development and when we want to assess whether an individual is developing in expected ways. To do this, developmentalists study rank order across the developmental period of interest (Figure 1.5). If rank order remains the same, this demonstrates developmental stability—everyone is developing at the same rate. Developmental instability, in contrast, suggests that individuals are changing in different ways compared with one anothe

Question 10

According to Balte’s view on the development of wisdom, what are the two biggest factors that contribute to wisdom?
Question options:

a)

Personality maturity and life experience

b)

Intelligence and age

c)

Age and life experience

d)

Personality traits and intelligence

Answer 10

a)

Personality maturity and life experience

Question 11

Which of the following statements on longitudinal studies is false?
Question options:

a)

Participant dropout will not affect the findings.

b)

Longitudinal studies directly measure developmental change.

c)

Longitudinal studies control for cohort effects.

d)

Longitudinal studies take a long time to complete.

Answer 11

a)

Participant dropout will not affect the findings.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a step in the research process?
Question options:

a)

Mobilizing knowledge

b)

Designing a study

c)

Interpreting data

d)

Developing intervention

Answer 12

d)

Developing intervention

Question 13

The growth curves of human development address the
Question options:

a)

the continuity-discontinuity issue

b)

the stability-instability issue

c)

the nature-nurture issue

d)

None of the answers are correct.

Answer 13

b)

the stability-instability issue

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the Apgar scale is false?
Question options:

a)

The five key indicators of the scale are summarized by the acronym APGAR.

b)

Seventy-five per cent of newborns receive a score of seven or higher on the Apgar scale.

c)

The Apgar scale was developed in 1952 by Virginia Apgar.

d)

Apgar scores are calculated one hour after birth.

Answer 14

d)

Apgar scores are calculated one hour after birth.

Question 15

___________ is a circumscribed period of time for women and their babies to rest and recover from birth.
Question options:

a)

Rest and relax period

b)

The lying-in period

c)

The post-partum period

d)

The bonding period

Answer 15

b)

The lying-in period

Question 16

Which of the following statements is false regarding genetic material?
Question options:

a)

Guanine always pairs with adenine.

b)

The specific place of a gene on a chromosome is called a locus.

c)

There are four chemical bases that make up DNA.

d)

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Answer 16

a)

Guanine always pairs with adenine.

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T).

Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

Question 17

The ________ is the distance from the top of the uterus to the pubic bone and can be used monitor the pregnancy
Question 5 options:

a)

fundal height

b)

fetal position

c)

None of the answers are correct.

d)

caesarian section

Answer 17

a)

fundal height

Question 18

Which of the following is not one of the categories of prenatal expectations?
Question 14 options:

a)

Fearful

b)

Complacent

c)

Prepared

d)

Concerned

Answer 18

d)

Concerned

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding conception is true?

a)

The merged ova and sperm cell is called a morula.

b)

Fertilization takes place near the uterus.

c)

Ovulation occurs twice a month.

d)

The ovum and sperm cell are gametes.

Answer 19

d)

The ovum and sperm cell are gametes.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a hormone involved in the stimulation and regulation of uterine contractions?

a)

Oxytocin

b)

Endorphins

c)

Prostaglandins

d)

Serotonin

Answer 20

d)

Serotonin

Question 21

Which principle of development suggests that infants control looking (visual) behavior earlier in life than they do movement of the limbs and hands?

a) Cephalocaudal development
b) Proximodistal development
c) Cognitive development
d) Social development

Answer 21

b) Proximodistal development

Question 22

Which sense develops earliest in the fetus and is well developed at birth?

a. hearing

b. smell and taste

c. touch

d. vision

Answer 22

c. touch

Question 23

With respect to gross motor development, by 9 months almost all infants are able to ___________.
With respect to fine motor skill development, by 9 months almost all infants have most recently mastered the ability to ___________.

Answer 23

sit up
hold objects

Question 24

Which of the following statements about competence and performance is true?
Question options:

a)

Performance equals competence.

b)

Competence underestimates performance.

c)

Performance underestimates competence.

d)

Competence equals performance.

Answer 24

c)

Performance underestimates competence.

These findings underscore an important distinction between competence and performance. If infants are not able to perform a particular task, this does not necessar- ily mean that they lack the competence to understand the task. If the task was presented differently, they might perform well and show their true competence

Question 25

Which of the following statements regarding the development of vision in infants is true? Question options: a) The visual preference paradigm has been used to determine the differences that infants can detect. b) Newborns initially prefer the interior features of objects over their edges. c) A newborn's focal length is about 30–45 cms. d) Colour perception is fully developed by two months.

Answer 25

The correct statement regarding the development of vision in infants is: a) The visual preference paradigm has been used to determine the differences that infants can detect. Explanation: The visual preference paradigm is a widely used method to study infant vision, where researchers present infants with two stimuli and measure their looking time towards each stimulus to infer preferences or differences detected by the infants. This paradigm helps in understanding what infants are capable of perceiving and discriminating visually, such as differences in shapes, patterns, or contrasts. Let's briefly discuss why the other options are not correct: b) Newborns initially prefer the interior features of objects over their edges: This statement is not accurate. Newborns typically prefer high-contrast edges and patterns, as they are more salient and easier to detect. c) A newborn's focal length is about 30–45 cms: This statement is incorrect. A newborn's focal length is much shorter, generally around 20-25 cm. It gradually increases as the visual system develops. d) Colour perception is fully developed by two months: This statement is also incorrect. While infants can detect colors from birth, color perception undergoes significant development in the first few months of life, becoming more nuanced and refined over time. Therefore, option a) is the true statement regarding the development of vision in infants.

Question 26

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome occurs once for every ________ births. Question options: a) 5000 b) 3000 c) 1000 d) 7000

Answer 26

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) occurs once for every: b) 3000 births This statistic indicates the frequency at which SIDS cases occur relative to the number of live births. It's important to note that while the exact causes of SIDS are not fully understood, efforts such as safe sleep practices (like placing babies on their backs to sleep) have been promoted to reduce the risk.

Question 27

In developing countries, Infants who are not breastfed are ________ times more likely to die. Question options: a) 3 b) 15 c) 6 d) 10

Answer 27

10

Question 28

When the caregiver is in the room in a Strange Situation, an infant with a(n) ________ attachment will explore places far away from the caregiver Question options: a) insecure-avoidant b) insecure-resistant c) secure d) secure-avoidant

Answer 28

a) insecure-avoidant

Question 29

The Statistics Canada health report indicates that the likelihood of breastfeeding increases for mothers who are ________. Question options: a) married in urban residences b) not married in urban residences c) not married in rural residences d) married in rural residences

Answer 29

a) married in urban residences

Question 30

At birth to three months, an infant's typical hearing abilities include all of the following except Question options: a) moves eyes in direction of sound b) quiets or smiles when spoken to c) recognizes caregiver voice d) startles to loud sounds

Answer 30

a) moves eyes in direction of sound

Question 31

The social smile first emerges at around Question options: a) 1–2 months b) 2–3 months c) 3–4 months d) 4–5 months

Answer 31

b) 2–3 months

Question 32

An infant with a slow-to-warm-up temperament has all of the features except Question options: a) gradual adjustment b) fussiness c) low activity level d) initial withdrawal in novel situations

Answer 32

b) fussiness

Question 33

Harlow's research with terry-cloth monkey surrogates demonstrated that attachment Question options: a) was not necessary for successful development b) was purely a result of reinforcement c) is an inborn developmental process. d) None of the answers are correct.

Answer 33

c) is an inborn developmental process. Explanation: Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys demonstrated that attachment is an inborn developmental process. He showed that infant monkeys preferred a surrogate mother that was soft and comforting (made of terry-cloth) over a surrogate that provided food but was made of wire. This emphasized the importance of comfort and emotional security (contact comfort) in the attachment process. Harlow's findings challenged the prevailing behaviorist notion at the time that attachment was solely a result of feeding (reinforcement). Therefore, option c) correctly reflects Harlow's findings and contributions to our understanding of attachment in developmental psychology.

Question 34

By the time children are four years old, they can speak or say over Question options: a) 1000 words b) 4000 words c) 2000 words d) 3000 words

Answer 34

a) 1000 words

Question 35

Which of the following statements about information processing perspective in early childhood is false? Question options: a) All the answers are false. b) Recognition in preschoolers is good, but recall is poor. c) The ability to direct attention is well established in preschool children. d) The information processing perspective has been criticized as being too simplistic.

Answer 35

a) All the answers are false. Explanation: This statement implies that all statements provided are false, which is not necessarily the case. It suggests a blanket negation of all options, which is not a specific critique or fact related to the information processing perspective in early childhood. Let's evaluate the other options for accuracy: b) Recognition in preschoolers is good, but recall is poor.: This statement aligns with findings from the information processing perspective. Preschoolers typically show better performance in tasks involving recognition (identifying previously encountered information) compared to recall (retrieving information without explicit cues). c) The ability to direct attention is well established in preschool children.: This statement is generally true. Preschool-aged children demonstrate improvement in their ability to focus and direct attention as part of their cognitive development. d) The information processing perspective has been criticized as being too simplistic.: This statement is also true. Critics argue that the information processing perspective, while valuable, may oversimplify the complexities of cognitive development by focusing primarily on cognitive processes like attention, memory, and problem-solving without fully considering social and emotional factors.

Question 36

Using a pencil or pen is a ________ and most children can do so by age ________. Question options: a) fine-motor skill; 4 b) fine-motor skill; 3 c) gross-motor skill; 4 d) gross-motor skill; 3

Answer 36

a) fine-motor skill; 4

Question 37

Approximately 25% of parents in Canada still use corporal punishment with children ages 2 to 11 years. Question options: a) False b) True

Answer 37

b) True

Question 38

Charlie is eight years old and is very good at soccer. His ability is a direct result of the maturation of Question options: a) white matter b) the cerebellum c) the prefrontal cortex d) grey matter

Answer 38

d) grey matter Charlie's proficiency in soccer at eight years old is attributed to the maturation of grey matter. Grey matter in the brain plays a crucial role in processing information and controlling motor skills, which are essential for activities like soccer.

Question 39

Social and emotional learning programs seek to foster ________ non-subject matter competence(s). Question options: a) 3 b) 5 c) 7 d) 1

Answer 39

b) 5

Question 40

A strong reliance on heteronomous morality in middle childhood indicates that moral development is Question options: a) overdeveloped b) delayed c) None of the answers are correct. d) on time

Answer 40

b) delayed

Question 41

Effective parenting in middle childhood involves learning to ________ less and ________ more. Question options: a) monitor; direct b) direct; reward c) monitor; punish d) direct; monitor

Answer 41

d) direct; monitor

Question 42

Data reported by the World Health Organization show that ________ per cent of eleven-year-olds report being bullied in Canadian schools. Question options: a) 11 b) 4 c) 17 d) 30

Answer 42

c) 17

Question 43

Asthma is the ________ cause of child hospitalization. Question options: a) second leading b) third leading c) leading d) None of the answers are correct.

Answer 43

c) leading

Question 44

Early positive experience with reading is linked to all of the following except Question options: a) emotional regulation b) enhanced vocational success c) later academic achievement

Answer 44

a) emotional regulation

Question 45

Adolescents who begin puberty earlier—the "early maturers"—are at a(n) Question options: a) decreased risk for mental health problems b) increased risk for mental health problems; but for girls only c) increased risk for mental health problems d) decreased risk for mental health problems; but for boys only

Answer 45

b) increased risk for mental health problems; but for girls only

Question 46

This pillar of positive youth development, ________, emphasizes the necessity of having a positive view of one's actions across a wide variety of domains, specifically domains in which adolescents invest a great deal of time and resources, for example, with peers and in school. Question options: a) caring/compassion b) competence c) confidence d) connection

Answer 46

b) competence

Question 47

Adolescence emerged as a developmental stage in the context of the Industrial Revolution, which provided adolescents opportunities to Question options: a) work and earn money for their families b) live in cities and get married earlier c) live in cities and move away from their parents d) work and earn money to save for college

Answer 47

a) work and earn money for their families

Question 48

Depression, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-injury are risk factors associated with unwanted negative health outcomes at all ages, but may be particularly painful for adolescents who feel trapped due to Question options: a) their parents not understanding what adolescence is like for them b) low rates of health insurance coverage c) peers experiencing the same problems d) features of adolescent egocentrism

Answer 48

d) features of adolescent egocentrism

Question 49

Parents of adolescents often find it difficult to determine whether or not they need to seek help—for example, whether to take their teen to a therapist when the adolescent is found to be using substances. The confusion is particularly high during the ________ stage, when the teen is not experiencing any ________. Question options: a) instrumental; physical addiction b) instrumental; serious problems c) experimental; physical addiction d) experimental; serious problems

Answer 49

a) instrumental; physical addiction

Question 50

In adolescence, developmental maturation of gray matter is associated with Question options: a) Neither alternative is correct. b) the development of executive functions c) Both alternatives are correct. d) synaptic pruning

Answer 50

b) the development of executive functions

Question 51

Parents of adolescents often find it difficult to determine whether or not they need to seek help—for example, whether to take their teen to a therapist when the adolescent is found to be using substances. The confusion is particularly high during the ________ stage, when the teen is not experiencing any ________. Question options: a) instrumental; physical addiction b) instrumental; serious problems c) experimental; physical addiction d) experimental; serious problems

Answer 51

d) experimental; serious problems

Question 52

Findings from developmental science offer ________ support for the assertion that immature brain development is responsible for the high rate of risk-taking behaviours in adolescence. Question options: a) mixed b) moderate c) strong d) weak

Answer 52

a) mixed

Question 53

In the 1900s, semi-independence involved continuing to live with one's family-of-origin while also contributing to the household economy by Question options: a) apprenticing under another family's authority b) contributing to the economic activities of their families c) All of the answers are correct. d) working on the family farm

Answer 53

c) All of the answers are correct.

Question 54

While moodiness is not a universal or key feature of the adolescent experience, when teens do experience moodiness, it is often the result of them Question options: a) refusing to make financial contributions to the household in which they live b) attempting to navigate emerging autonomy and parents trying to accommodate to that developmental need c) attempting to gain independence from their parents and their parents' refusal to grant full independence d) neglecting to make financial contributions to the household in which they live

Answer 54

b) attempting to navigate emerging autonomy and parents trying to accommodate to that developmental need

Question 55

Loss of grey matter in the brain through the 20s indicates Question options: a) continued maturation in the frontal lobe b) continued maturation in the occipital lobe c) decreased functioning in the parietal lobe d) decreased functioning the temporal lobe

Answer 55

a) continued maturation in the frontal lobe

Question 56

In emerging adulthood, the rate at which we gain bone tissue is ________ the rate at which we lose bone tissue. Question options: a) lower than b) about equal to c) higher than d) unrelated to

Answer 56

b) about equal to

Question 57

Reproductive health is determined by the Question options: a) freedom to conceive and terminate pregnancies without legal restriction b) freedom to conceive and terminate pregnancies without social judgment c) capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so d) availability of free health care for medical treatment related to conception and childbirth

Answer 57

c) capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so

Question 58

In emerging adulthood, two "modifiable health risk behaviours" in emerging adulthood that need to be increased to promote health involve Question options: a) more sleep and better nutrition b) more exercise and less sleep c) more exercise and better nutrition d) more exercise and more sleep

Answer 58

c) more exercise and better nutrition

Question 59

Most college students report feeling emotional stress, including feelings of being overwhelmed, depressed, lonely, and hopeless Question options: a) once or more each month b) once a semester c) during midterms and final exams d) after returning from holiday break

Answer 59

a) once or more each month

Question 60

Emerging adults use social networking sites to build and maintain their social support systems at a rate that is ________ the rate among young adults. Question options: a) double b) the same as c) lower than d) higher than

Answer 60

d) higher than

Question 61

In emerging adulthood, young people become less likely to react with Question options: a) guilt or anger b) shame or blame c) anxiety or worry d) anxiety or anger

Answer 61

d) anxiety or anger

Question 62

On average, progress toward adult roles and responsibilities ________ from the late teens through the late 20s. Question options: a) increases unsteadily b) decreases and then increases c) increases linearly d) increases and then decreases

Answer 62

c) increases linearly

Question 63

By age 30, approximately what percentage of young adults are married? Question options: a) 75% b) 90% c) 25% d) 50%

Answer 63

d) 50%

Question 64

Cognitive development is associated with advances in reasoning about social justice issues in emerging adulthood because cognitive development gives rise to Question options: a) logical reasoning b) moral development c) emotion-focused reasoning d) forensic development

Answer 64

b) moral development

Question 65

Over ________ of college students report having "hooked up." Question options: a) 15% b) 50% c) 95% d) 35%

Answer 65

b) 50%

Question 66

In emerging adulthood, on average, ________ tend to decrease. Question options: a) extraversion and neuroticism b) extraversion and openness to experience c) extraversion and agreeableness d) agreeableness and conscientiousness

Answer 66

b) extraversion and openness to experience

Question 67

Over ________ of middle-aged adults report feeling that most days are quite a bit or extremely stressful. Question options: a) 90% b) 70% c) 10% d) 30%

Answer 67

d) 30%

Question 68

According to theorist Daniel Levinson, middle-aged adults are challenged to balance and integrate opposing parts of the self, including Question options: a) immature and mature parts b) All of the answers are correct. c) generating new and accepting loss d) the masculine and the feminine

Answer 68

b) All of the answers are correct.

Question 69

According to findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when individuals were followed across time, findings indicated that general cognitive ability remained the same until about age Question options: a) 55 b) 60 c) 45 d) 50

Answer 69

b) 60

Question 70

According to findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when different age groups are compared in a cross-sectional analysis, two types of cognitive abilities peak in middle adulthood before decreasing: Question options: a) Numerical and verbal ability b) Inductive reasoning and spatial orientation c) Numerical ability and verbal memory d) Spatial orientation and perceptual speed

Answer 70

b) Inductive reasoning and spatial orientation

Question 71

While middle-aged adults may lose concentric strength, they may actually gain Question options: a) density b) flexibility c) length d) tone

Answer 71

b) flexibility

Question 72

In middle adulthood, skin changes in the ________ are visible to self and others. Question options: a) dermis b) All of the answers are correct. c) epidermis d) endoderm

Answer 72

c) epidermis

Question 73

In middle adulthood, stress is ________ in emerging and young adulthooD. Question options: a) lower than b) higher than c) double the rate d) the same as

Answer 73

b) higher than

Question 74

According to findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when different age groups are compared in a cross-sectional analysis, most cognitive abilities are highest in ________ when compared to middle adulthooD. Question options: a) later adulthood b) emerging adulthood c) young adulthood d) adolescence

Answer 74

b) emerging adulthood

Question 75

Not all relationships between parents and their adult children are positive, and not all are negative. In fact, approximately ________ of adults report ________ or mixed feelings about their relationships with their children. Question options: a) 25%; relational apathy b) 25%; relational ambivalence c) 50%; relational ambivalence d) 50%; relational apathy

Answer 75

c) 50%; relational ambivalence

Question 76

Middle-aged adults comprise approximately ________ of the Canadian labour force. Question options: a) 25% b) 33% c) 66% d) 10%

Answer 76

b) 33%

Question 77

Personality traits and change in personality traits are associated with well-being, specifically, ________ in middle adulthooD. Question options: a) self-reported health and weight-loss goals b) self-reported health and work absences c) work absences and marital status d) work absences and weight-loss goals

Answer 77

b) self-reported health and work absences

Question 78

The redemptive self describes a pathway of someone's life that begins with ________ that sets an individual on a pathway toward generativity. Question options: a) financial resources b) a creative mind c) an innate strength d) a flexible personality

Answer 78

c) an innate strength

Question 79

In Canada, reflecting high value placed on self and independence is a life story that is highly valued in the ________ story. Question options: a) rags-to-riches b) Neither alternative is correct. c) Both alternatives are correct. d) self-fulfillment

Answer 79

a) rags-to-riches