Chapter 6

Question 1

behaviour genetics

Answer 1

An area of science that studies the nature of the relationship between genes and behaviour.

Question 2

heritability estimate

Answer 2

A calculation used by behaviour geneticists to denote the independent contribution of genes to differences seen among people in a given trait.

Question 3

prosocial behaviour

Answer 3

Voluntary behaviour that is intended to benefit another person.

Question 4

dizygotic (DZ)

Answer 4

Twin siblings who share up to 50 percent of their genes.

Question 5

monozygotic (MZ)

Answer 5

Twin siblings who share identical DNA.

Question 6

initiative versus guilt stage

Answer 6

Erikson’s third stage of psychosocial development, in which the 3- to 6-year-old child must learn to take responsibility for his or her own behaviour without feeling guilty for the outcomes of that behaviour.

Question 7

self-concept

Answer 7

One’s multidimensional impression of one’s own personality, of the attributes, abilities, and attitudes that define one’s self.

Question 8

categorical self

Answer 8

Self-definitions based on concrete external attributes.

Question 9

self-esteem

Answer 9

Judgements of worth that children make about themselves and the feelings that those judgements elicit.

Question 10

demandingness

Answer 10

The level of demands parents make on their children. The number, intensity, and consistency of demands can all vary along a continuum, from very low to very high.

Question 11

responsiveness

Answer 11

The speed, sensitivity, and quality with which parents attend to the needs of their children. Like demandingness, responsiveness ranges along a continuum, from very low to very high.

Question 12

authoritarian parenting

Answer 12

A style of parenting that is characterized by high demands but low responsiveness. Authoritarian parents demand obedience from their children and are consequence-oriented, quick to punish disobedience.

Question 13

authoritative parenting

Answer 13

A style of parenting that is characterized by high demand and high responsiveness. Authoritative parents create rules and expectations while explaining reasons for their rules.

Question 14

permissive-indulgent parenting

Answer 14

A style of parenting that is characterized by high responsiveness and very low demand. Indulgent parents are involved, caring, and loving but provide few rules and little guidance.

Question 15

permissive-neglectful parenting

Answer 15

A style of parenting that is low in both demand and responsiveness. Neglectful parents are uninvolved and distant, often unaware of their child’s activities.

Question 16

psychological control

Answer 16

Associated with authoritarian parenting, behaviours that violate and manipulate a child’s feelings, thoughts, and attachments to parents.

Question 17

induction

Answer 17

A rational form of discipline in which adults use reasoning and explanations to help children understand the effects of their misbehaviour on others.

Question 18

time outs

Answer 18

A disciplinary measure in which the child is removed from reinforcing stimuli, events, or conditions for a short period of time.

Question 19

relational aggression

Answer 19

Subtle harmful acts, such as manipulating, gossiping about, or creating public humiliation for another individual.

Question 20

gender identity

Answer 20

A perception of one’s gender category.

Question 21

gender role

Answer 21

Specific behaviours or appearances that are expected of children, based on their culture’s beliefs about gender.

Question 22

gender constancy

Answer 22

The belief that one’s gender is permanent and unchanging.

Question 23

gender schema theory

Answer 23

A cognitive approach to understanding gender development that centres on children’s own constructions of gender.

Question 24

gender schemas

Answer 24

Children’s mental representation of gender categories.

Question 25

emotion vocabulary

Answer 25

The number of words a person can use to name his or her emotional states and explain the emotional behaviour of self and others.

Question 26

alexithymia

Answer 26

Difficulty understanding, identifying, and describing emotions with words.

Question 27

somatic complaints

Answer 27

Physical problems without physiological cause.

Question 28

emotion regulation

Answer 28

The ability to control the behaviour one displays in response to an emotional state.

Question 29

affective social competence

Answer 29

The ability to effectively communicate one’s own emotions, interpret and respond to others’ emotions, and successfully manage the experience of emotions

The three components of affective social competence—sending emotional cues, receiving emotional cues, and managing emotional experience—may be performed consciously, unconsciously, or automatically

Question 30

display rules

Answer 30

Cultural norms that dictate socially appropriate emotional displays.

Question 31

internalizing problems

Answer 31

Problems that result when children overcontrol the expression of emotions, including depression, social withdrawal, anxiety, and somatoform disorders.

Question 32

externalizing problems

Answer 32

Problems that result when children undercontrol the expression of emotions, including aggression and delinquency.

Question 33

instrumental (or proactive) aggression

Answer 33

A goal-oriented act through which a person or object is harmed.

Question 34

hostile (or reactive) aggression

Answer 34

An intentional act that harms a person or object.

Question 35

overt aggression

Answer 35

A direct and obvious harmful act, such as hitting, kicking, biting, or verbally threatening

Question 36

moral emotions

Answer 36

Emotions believed to play a fundamental role in morality.

Question 37

self-conscious emotions

Answer 37

Moral emotions that are evoked by self-reflection and self-evaluation.

Question 38

guilt

Answer 38

A feeling of regret or remorse arising from perceptions of having done something wrong.

Question 39

shame

Answer 39

A feeling that the whole self is a failure or bad, which can lead to defensiveness and social withdrawal.

Question 40

empathy

Answer 40

The capacity to understand or feel what another person is feeling from their perspective.

Question 41

sympathy

Answer 41

Feelings of pity for another person’s misfortune.

Question 42

What information is provided by heritability estimates?

a. the personality traits two parents should expect their child to have

b. how much of any individual person’s behaviour is due to their genetics

c. the likelihood of two parents having monozygotic or dizygotic twins

Answer 42

d. how much of the differences among people in a given trait are due to genetics

Question 43

A goal-oriented act through which a person or object is harmed is called ____________ aggression.

a. overt

b. relational

c. hostile

Answer 43

d. instrumental