Chapter 6 Flashcards
behaviour genetics
An area of science that studies the nature of the relationship between genes and behaviour.
heritability estimate
A calculation used by behaviour geneticists to denote the independent contribution of genes to differences seen among people in a given trait.
prosocial behaviour
Voluntary behaviour that is intended to benefit another person.
dizygotic (DZ)
Twin siblings who share up to 50 percent of their genes.
monozygotic (MZ)
Twin siblings who share identical DNA.
initiative versus guilt stage
Erikson’s third stage of psychosocial development, in which the 3- to 6-year-old child must learn to take responsibility for his or her own behaviour without feeling guilty for the outcomes of that behaviour.
self-concept
One’s multidimensional impression of one’s own personality, of the attributes, abilities, and attitudes that define one’s self.
categorical self
Self-definitions based on concrete external attributes.
self-esteem
Judgements of worth that children make about themselves and the feelings that those judgements elicit.
demandingness
The level of demands parents make on their children. The number, intensity, and consistency of demands can all vary along a continuum, from very low to very high.
responsiveness
The speed, sensitivity, and quality with which parents attend to the needs of their children. Like demandingness, responsiveness ranges along a continuum, from very low to very high.
authoritarian parenting
A style of parenting that is characterized by high demands but low responsiveness. Authoritarian parents demand obedience from their children and are consequence-oriented, quick to punish disobedience.
authoritative parenting
A style of parenting that is characterized by high demand and high responsiveness. Authoritative parents create rules and expectations while explaining reasons for their rules.
permissive-indulgent parenting
A style of parenting that is characterized by high responsiveness and very low demand. Indulgent parents are involved, caring, and loving but provide few rules and little guidance.
permissive-neglectful parenting
A style of parenting that is low in both demand and responsiveness. Neglectful parents are uninvolved and distant, often unaware of their child’s activities.
psychological control
Associated with authoritarian parenting, behaviours that violate and manipulate a child’s feelings, thoughts, and attachments to parents.
induction
A rational form of discipline in which adults use reasoning and explanations to help children understand the effects of their misbehaviour on others.
time outs
A disciplinary measure in which the child is removed from reinforcing stimuli, events, or conditions for a short period of time.
relational aggression
Subtle harmful acts, such as manipulating, gossiping about, or creating public humiliation for another individual.
gender identity
A perception of one’s gender category.
gender role
Specific behaviours or appearances that are expected of children, based on their culture’s beliefs about gender.
gender constancy
The belief that one’s gender is permanent and unchanging.
gender schema theory
A cognitive approach to understanding gender development that centres on children’s own constructions of gender.
gender schemas
Children’s mental representation of gender categories.
emotion vocabulary
The number of words a person can use to name his or her emotional states and explain the emotional behaviour of self and others.
alexithymia
Difficulty understanding, identifying, and describing emotions with words.
somatic complaints
Physical problems without physiological cause.
emotion regulation
The ability to control the behaviour one displays in response to an emotional state.
affective social competence
The ability to effectively communicate one’s own emotions, interpret and respond to others’ emotions, and successfully manage the experience of emotions
The three components of affective social competence—sending emotional cues, receiving emotional cues, and managing emotional experience—may be performed consciously, unconsciously, or automatically
display rules
Cultural norms that dictate socially appropriate emotional displays.
internalizing problems
Problems that result when children overcontrol the expression of emotions, including depression, social withdrawal, anxiety, and somatoform disorders.
externalizing problems
Problems that result when children undercontrol the expression of emotions, including aggression and delinquency.
instrumental (or proactive) aggression
A goal-oriented act through which a person or object is harmed.
hostile (or reactive) aggression
An intentional act that harms a person or object.
overt aggression
A direct and obvious harmful act, such as hitting, kicking, biting, or verbally threatening
moral emotions
Emotions believed to play a fundamental role in morality.
self-conscious emotions
Moral emotions that are evoked by self-reflection and self-evaluation.
guilt
A feeling of regret or remorse arising from perceptions of having done something wrong.
shame
A feeling that the whole self is a failure or bad, which can lead to defensiveness and social withdrawal.
empathy
The capacity to understand or feel what another person is feeling from their perspective.
sympathy
Feelings of pity for another person’s misfortune.
What information is provided by heritability estimates?
a. the personality traits two parents should expect their child to have
b. how much of any individual person’s behaviour is due to their genetics
c. the likelihood of two parents having monozygotic or dizygotic twins
d. how much of the differences among people in a given trait are due to genetics
A goal-oriented act through which a person or object is harmed is called ____________ aggression.
a. overt
b. relational
c. hostile
d. instrumental
