chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

grey matter

A

The parts of the brain that contain neuron cell bodies and some of their connections.

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2
Q

white matter

A

The spongy tissue that connects various areas of the brain to one another as well as to parts of the spinal cord.

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3
Q

consistency

A

The ability to physically repeat an action in the same way with the same level of function.

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4
Q

flexibility

A

The ability to perform a physical act in a variety of contexts with similar outcome.

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5
Q

efficiency

A

The muscular and cardiovascular system energy expended to perform a physical action.

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6
Q

concrete operational stage

A

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, in which school-age children begin to think logically about concrete events.

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7
Q

classification

A

The ability to create groups or classes of objects and sort them by similar properties.

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8
Q

seriation

A

The ability to sort objects using a rule that determines an increasing magnitude of one or more dimensions.

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9
Q

transitivity

A

The logical rule that says, if A is greater than B and B is greater than C, then A is greater than C.

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10
Q

selective attention

A

The ability to attend to a particular item in the environment while inhibiting other distracting stimuli.

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11
Q

automatization

A

The allocation of fewer attentional resources to perform simple, repetitive behaviours.

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12
Q

reaction time

A

The time involved in responding to a stimulus

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13
Q

strategy

A

An effortful plan deliberately used to solve a specific problem.

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14
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

A retention strategy in which a child repeats the thing to be remembered (words, images, actions) in order to remember them.

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15
Q

metamemory

A

One’s understanding of one’s own memory process

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16
Q

sensory memory

A

The ability to briefly store sensory information so that it may be processed.

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17
Q

working (short-term) memory

A

The ability to keep a small amount of information (7 ± 2 items) in an active, ready-to-use state for a short time.

18
Q

long-term memory

A

The vast and virtually limitless store of knowledge and prior events.

19
Q

executive function

A

The aspect of the brain that supervises the memory process by regulating the flow of information and controlling key processes.

20
Q

metacognition

A

The process of knowing about knowing.

21
Q

general intelligence (g)

A

A construct thought to underlie one’s ability to adapt and determine one’s competence level.

22
Q

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

A score calculated from results on an intelligence test originally derived from the formula of (mental age/chronological age) × 100, resulting in an average score of 100.

23
Q

intellectual disability

A

A disorder characterized by significantly below-average intellectual functioning (an IQ of 70 or lower) and impaired adaptive functioning, with onset prior to 18 years of age.

24
Q

gifted

A

Significantly above-average intellectual functioning as indicated by an IQ of 130 or higher.

25
Q

Wechsler

A

Intelligence Scales Popular psychometric test purporting to measure the global capacity to think rationally.

26
Q

triarchic theory of successful intelligence

A

A theory of intelligence advanced by Robert Sternberg emphasizing three key components: analytical, practical, and creative.

27
Q

analytical intelligence

A

Abstract, verbal, mathematical, and logical types of thinking.

28
Q

practical intelligence

A

Common sense needed for real-world situations that require adaptation and basic knowledge.

29
Q

creative intelligence

A

Divergent, novel, and problem-solving–oriented thinking

30
Q

theory of multiple intelligences

A

A theory of intelligence advanced by Howard Gardner suggesting the existence of at least eight distinct intelligences.

31
Q

metalinguistic awareness

A

Understanding the complexity of language and the fact that language relies on context as well as individual word meaning.

32
Q

language immersion

A

Language education programs in which students are taught academic content exclusively in a non-native language (a language not spoken at home).

33
Q

phonics approach

A

A form of reading instruction that emphasizes the segments of sounds in words in the learning of reading skills.

34
Q

whole-language approach

A

A form of reading instruction that emphasizes communication over particular elements of reading and writing, such as spelling or sounds.

35
Q

social and emotional learning (SEL)

A

Educational programs seeking to foster the development of five non–subject-matter competencies: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making.

36
Q

mastery goal

A

An achievement goal that focuses on self-improvement and skill development, while downplaying ability level and peer comparison.

37
Q

performance goal

A

An achievement goal that emphasizes ability level and competition among peers.

38
Q

racialized

A

People or communities that are treated poorly or experience violence because of racism or a belief that they are inferior.

39
Q

achievement test

A

A measure of children’s knowledge about particular academic subjects, such as reading, writing, or mathematics.

40
Q

specific learning disorder

A

A specific difficulty with reading, writing, or math that is indicated when academic functioning is substantially below what is expected for age, IQ, and schooling.

41
Q

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

A neurobehavioural disorder characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that emerges prior to 12 years of age and causes impairment in multiple contexts.