Chapter 3 Flashcards
Axon
A nerve fibre that typically sends electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body.
Which principle of development suggests that infants control looking (visual) behavior earlier in life than they do movement of the limbs and hands?
a) Cephalocaudal development
b) Proximodistal development
c) Cognitive development
d) Social development
b) Proximodistal development
A-not-B error
A mistake made by children in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage as they search for a hidden object in a location where it has been repeatedly placed but is no longer hidden.
attachment
An enduring emotional bond that connects two people across time and space.
babbling
The repeated creation of meaningless sounds that typically consist of one syllable.
bedsharing
A specific instance of co-sleeping, where infant and caregiver sleep together in the same adult bed.
cephalocaudal
The cephalocaudal pattern is the tendency for growth and development to proceed from the head downward.
cerebral cortex
The uppermost part of the brain and the centre largely responsible for complex brain functions.
ciliary muscles
The small muscles of the eye that work to move each eyeball and change the shape of each eye’s lens.
co-sleeping
A variety of shared sleeping arrangements, where infant and caregiver sleep within sensory range of one another (on the same or separate surfaces), thereby permitting each to detect and respond to the cues of the other.
colostrum
The yellowish, sticky breast milk that is secreted during the first two to three days after birth.
complementary feeding
The process of consuming other foods and liquids, along with breast milk, to meet the nutritional requirements of infants after 6 months of age.
cones
Neurons in the retina that respond to colour.
deferred imitation
The ability of 6- to 7-month-old infants to imitate an action after a delay and not in the presence of a model.
dendrite
A branching structure arising from the cell body that typically receives electrical impulses from the axons of neighbouring neurons.
dishabituation
Increased responding to a stimulus, usually because it is novel.
experience-dependent process
Brain development that occurs based on unique environmental stimuli shared only by individuals in particular environmental circumstances.
experience-expectant process
Brain development that occurs based on environmental experiences that all members of the species typically encounter.
explicit memory
Repetition of a behaviour that shows a clear, observable, conscious effort to recall an event, such as when an infant imitates at a later time a behaviour seen earlier.
expressive language
Language that an infant can produce.
graduated extinction
A variety of sleep-training techniques, where parents delay responding to their infants’ cries for specified intervals of time, and then respond only in a limited and prescribed way.
holophrase
One-word utterances that express a complete thought or phrase
infant-directed speech
A way of speaking to infants that is higher in pitch, simpler, and more repetitive than speech directed at adults or children. It seems to be used automatically when in the presence of an infant.
interactionist approach
.
A view of language learning that stresses the role of socialization
International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes
A code adopted by the World Health Assembly to improve the health of infants and children.
joint attention
The ability to direct the attention of a social partner to objects or events and, in turn, follow their attention-directing gestures, such as head-turning and pointing.
lactational amenorrhea
Natural postpartum infertility that occurs when a woman is breastfeeding and her menstrual cycle has not yet returned.
language acquisition device (LAD)
The name given by Noam Chomsky to a theoretical structure possessed by all humans that prewires us to learn language and grammar rules.
malnutrition
.
A deficiency of one or more key nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, or minerals, that has a significant impact on energy and the function of bodily systems
myelination
.
The process through which the axon of a neuron is coated with a fatty tissue, which serves as insulation and enhances speed of firing
perception
Interpretation of stimulation that occurs in the higher processing centres of the brain.
neuron
A brain or nerve cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
on-demand breastfeeding
Nursing a baby whenever the baby shows signs of hunger during the day and night, such as by crying or rooting, rather than according to a set schedule.
otitis media
Infection of the middle ear and a common cause of earaches.
newborn reflex
An inborn automatic response to stimuli, which may disappear before the end of the first year
non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep
A sleep state during which rapid-eye-movement and dreaming do not occur, and brain-wave activity is slow and regular.
plasticity
Changes in the brain resulting from our interactions with the environment; influenced by agerelated change.
preterm
An infant born before 32 weeks gestation.
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
A type of malnutrition in which insufficient food intake results in a significant lack of protein and calories.
rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep
A sleep state during which rapid and random eye movements, intense and irregular brain-wave activity, and dreaming occur.
schemes
Mental structures that help us organize and process information.
sensation
Physical reception of stimulation.
sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, in which infants develop from reflex-driven organisms to more complex and symbolic thinkers.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
The term used to describe the sudden and unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy infant younger than 1 year of age.
synapse
The space between adjoining neurons, across which electrical impulses are sent from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another.
synaptic pruning
The process by which the brain removes unused synapses through redirecting nutrition, cell injury, and cell death.
telegraphic speech
The creation of short phrases that convey meaning but lack some of the parts of speech that are necessary for a full and complete sentence.
very low-birth-weight
Infants born weighing less than 1,500 g.
visual cliff
A method used to examine infant depth perception using a patterned floor and a pane of Plexiglas over a deep drop. When infants willingly crawl over the Plexiglas, it is assumed they do not perceive the depth.
Which sense develops earliest in the fetus and is well developed at birth?
a. hearing
b. smell and taste
c. touch
d. vision
c. touch
9.Which of the following is evidence of the role of socialization, or the environment, in language learning?
a. the relationship of amount of parent speech to infant speaking
b. joint attention
c. infant-directed speech
d. all of these
d. all of these
What cognitive milestone is this baby demonstrating (rattle)?
a. object permanence
b. primitive reflex
c. circular reaction
d. habituation
c. circular reaction
- With respect to gross motor development, by 9 months almost all infants are able to ___________.
- With respect to fine motor skill development, by 9 months almost all infants have most recently mastered the ability to ___________.
sit up
hold objects
Which of the following infants is least likely to have ever been breastfed?
- An infant from British Columbia or from Newfoundland and Labrador?
- An infant from a mother with less than high school education or from a mother with post-secondary graduation?
- An infant from the highest or the lowest household income?
- An infant from a mother younger than 25 years of age or older than 35 years of age?
Figure 3.16 (Ask Yourself): 1. British Columbia; 2. mother with post-secondary education; 1. highest; 4. older than 35 years
