Chapter 13

Question 1

neurogenesis

Answer 1

The process of generating new neurons from stem cells.

Question 2

bone resorption

Answer 2

The process of bone cells breaking down and transforming into a fluid substance that enters the blood.

Question 3

sarcopenia

Answer 3

The process of skeletal muscle loss due to aging.

Question 4

concentric muscle movement

Answer 4

The contraction of muscles during physical activity.

Question 5

eccentric muscle movement

Answer 5

The lengthening of muscles as they return to original position after stretching.

Question 6

presbyopia

Answer 6

The inability of the eyes to accommodate so that they can focus on objects at a normal reading distance (45–50 cm).

Question 7

myopia

Answer 7

Nearsightedness, or the ability to see close objects clearly but inability to see distant objects clearly.

Question 8

conductive hearing loss

Answer 8

Hearing loss resulting from conduction impairments in the middle ear.

Question 9

sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 9

Hearing loss resulting from loss of hair cells on the basilar membrane of the inner ear.

Question 10

fluid intelligence

Answer 10

The category of intelligence that drives reasoning and logic.

Question 11

crystallized intelligence

Answer 11

The category of intelligence that contains basic information that we acquire over time, such as facts and figures.

Question 12

selective optimization with compensation (SOC)

Answer 12

A theory of successful aging that identifies three processes people use to maximize gains and minimize losses in response to aging.

Question 13

selection

Answer 13

The process of identifying goals that are reasonable and reachable given a person’s capabilities.

Question 14

optimization

Answer 14

The process of investing effort and resources in a concentrated attempt to reach a selected goal.

Question 15

compensation

Answer 15

The process of revising a selected goal so that it is better suited to one’s ability to reach it.

Question 16

recognition-primed decision-making

Answer 16

A term used by Peter Fadde to describe a proficiency in decision-making based on the ability to quickly recognize the most relevant features of a situation.

Question 17

obesogenic environment

Answer 17

The aspects of the community that create barriers for physical activity and ready access to highly nutritional food.

Question 18

menopause

Answer 18

A period of time in which a woman’s production of hormones (estrogen and progesterone) begins to decline, causing changes in her reproductive capabilities.

Question 19

andropause

Answer 19

A decrease in the male hormone testosterone resulting in physiological reproductive changes such as lower sperm count and penile responsiveness.

Question 20

sexually active life expectancy

Answer 20

The number of years remaining for a person to be sexually active.

Question 21

functional capacity

Answer 21

The physiological systems of the body that maintain health and life: digestive system, endocrine system, immune system, lymphatic system, muscular system, nervous system, reproductive system, respiratory system, skeletal system, and urinary system.

Question 22

stress response

Answer 22

A change in the physiological functioning of the body’s systems when it perceives an external threat or attack.

Question 23

allostatic load

Answer 23

The physiologic wear and tear on the body that is the result of repeated and long-term exposure to stress, the consequence of which is an acceleration of disease processes and health problems.