Chapter 4 Flashcards
oral fixation
A return to the oral stage in later life, shown through habits such as smoking or gum chewing, as a result of too much or too little gratification during the oral stage.
anal fixation
A return to the anal stage in later life, shown through obsessive personality issues, as a result of too much or too little gratification during the anal stage.
easy temperament
The temperament of a child who is generally cheerful and adaptable and has regular patterns of eating and sleeping.
New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS)
A child with an easy temperament adapts readily to new experiences, is generally cheerful, and has regular patterns of eating and sleeping.
- A child with a difficult temperament does not respond well to new experiences or people, is fussy and irritable, and has irregular patterns of eating and sleeping.
- A slow-to-warm-up temperament is characterized by low activity level and initial withdrawal from new experiences and people, gradually adjusting over time
Rothbart
negative affectivity .
A dimension of infant temperament having to do with fear, frustration, sadness, discomfort, and soothability
Rothbart
extraversion/surgency
A dimension of infant temperament defined by low shyness, high-intensity pleasure, smiling and laughter, activity level, impulsivity, positive anticipation, and affiliation.
Rothbart
effortful control
A dimension of infant temperament indicated by inhibitory control, attention control, low-intensity pleasure, and perceptual sensitivity.
amygdala
The part of the brain that mediates emotion.
goodness of fit
The relationship between environmental forces and predisposed temperamental behaviour.
self-regulation
The ability to deliberately change one’s behaviour and emotion.
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1. Pre-attachment
(Birth to 12 weeks): Infants show innate behaviors, such as grasping and sucking, to attract caregivers. They are comforted by any caregiver, but they do not yet show a preference.
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2. Attachment in the making; beginning of attachment
(3 - 6 months): Infants begin to form a preference for familiar caregivers and show distress when separated from them. They start to develop a sense of trust and security with their primary caregiver.
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3. Clear attachment
(6-8 months to 18 months): Infants actively seek proximity to their primary caregiver, displaying separation anxiety when apart. They rely on the caregiver as a secure base for exploration, but they may also display stranger anxiety.
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4. Goal-directed attachment
(18 months and beyond): As children become more independent, they develop a more reciprocal relationship with their caregiver. They can express their needs and desires more clearly and engage in mutual interactions, forming a foundation for future social relationships.
attachment theory
The perspective that the process of social, emotional, and cognitive development occurs in the context of caregiver–infant attachment.
separation anxiety
A set of seeking and distress behaviours that occur when the primary caregiver is removed from the immediate environment of the infant/child.
stranger anxiety
Distressed avoidance of a novel individual.
attachment behaviour
A behaviour that promotes proximity or contact, such as approaching, following, and clinging, in the older infant and toddler.
secure attachment
An attachment style characterized by flexible proximity between parent and infant and positive reunion behaviour.
insecure–avoidant attachment
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A type of insecure attachment in which infants show little or no distress upon separation and avoidant behaviour such as running from the parent upon reunion.
insecure–resistant attachment
A type of insecure attachment in which infants show very high distress when separated and mixed reactions when reunited
disorganized/disoriented attachment
A type of insecure attachment characterized by inconsistent behaviour upon separation and reunion that shows no clear pattern.
synchrony
The reciprocal and mutually rewarding qualities of an infant–caregiver attachment relationship.
internal working model (IWM).
A set of beliefs and expectations about attachment relationships based on the infant’s experience of sensitive or insensitive caregiving
gender
A social construction of expectations that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex.
gender differences
Cognitive and behavioural differences associated with gender.
sex differences
Biologically based differences between sexes.
social smile
In infancy, the first facial expression of pleasure, enabled by neurophysiological maturation and an increasing readiness for social interactions with caregivers. 2-3 months
primary emotion
An emotion that is present early in life and is most likely innate.
secondary emotion
An emotion that emerges with the help of certain cognitive and social developments.
guilt
A painful feeling of regret that arises when one causes, anticipates causing, or is associated with a negative act that violates one’s moral standards.
empathy
An emotional response to another’s emotional state that is similar to what the other person is feeling or might be expected to feel.
social referencing
Using a caregiver’s emotional cues to help understand an uncertain or ambiguous event or stimulus.
self-awareness
The ability to recognize oneself as a separate being.
5.A child who clings to a well-known caregiver and refuses to engage a new person is experiencing _____.
a. self-conscious emotions
b. separation anxiety
c. stranger anxiety
d. self-recognition
c. stranger anxiety
