Chapter 4

Question 1

oral fixation

Answer 1

A return to the oral stage in later life, shown through habits such as smoking or gum chewing, as a result of too much or too little gratification during the oral stage.

Question 2

anal fixation

Answer 2

A return to the anal stage in later life, shown through obsessive personality issues, as a result of too much or too little gratification during the anal stage.

Question 3

easy temperament

Answer 3

The temperament of a child who is generally cheerful and adaptable and has regular patterns of eating and sleeping.

Question 4

New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS)

Answer 4

A child with an easy temperament adapts readily to new experiences, is generally cheerful, and has regular patterns of eating and sleeping.

• A child with a difficult temperament does not respond well to new experiences or people, is fussy and irritable, and has irregular patterns of eating and sleeping.
• A slow-to-warm-up temperament is characterized by low activity level and initial withdrawal from new experiences and people, gradually adjusting over time

Question 5

Rothbart
negative affectivity .

Answer 5

A dimension of infant temperament having to do with fear, frustration, sadness, discomfort, and soothability

Question 6

Rothbart
extraversion/surgency

Answer 6

A dimension of infant temperament defined by low shyness, high-intensity pleasure, smiling and laughter, activity level, impulsivity, positive anticipation, and affiliation.

Question 7

Rothbart
effortful control

Answer 7

A dimension of infant temperament indicated by inhibitory control, attention control, low-intensity pleasure, and perceptual sensitivity.

Question 8

amygdala

Answer 8

The part of the brain that mediates emotion.

Question 9

goodness of fit

Answer 9

The relationship between environmental forces and predisposed temperamental behaviour.

Question 10

self-regulation

Answer 10

The ability to deliberately change one’s behaviour and emotion.

Question 11

bowlby
1. Pre-attachment

Answer 11

(Birth to 12 weeks): Infants show innate behaviors, such as grasping and sucking, to attract caregivers. They are comforted by any caregiver, but they do not yet show a preference.

Question 12

bowlby
2. Attachment in the making; beginning of attachment

Answer 12

(3 - 6 months): Infants begin to form a preference for familiar caregivers and show distress when separated from them. They start to develop a sense of trust and security with their primary caregiver.

Question 13

bowlby
3. Clear attachment

Answer 13

(6-8 months to 18 months): Infants actively seek proximity to their primary caregiver, displaying separation anxiety when apart. They rely on the caregiver as a secure base for exploration, but they may also display stranger anxiety.

Question 14

bowlby
4. Goal-directed attachment

Answer 14

(18 months and beyond): As children become more independent, they develop a more reciprocal relationship with their caregiver. They can express their needs and desires more clearly and engage in mutual interactions, forming a foundation for future social relationships.

Question 15

attachment theory

Answer 15

The perspective that the process of social, emotional, and cognitive development occurs in the context of caregiver–infant attachment.

Question 16

separation anxiety

Answer 16

A set of seeking and distress behaviours that occur when the primary caregiver is removed from the immediate environment of the infant/child.

Question 17

stranger anxiety

Answer 17

Distressed avoidance of a novel individual.

Question 18

attachment behaviour

Answer 18

A behaviour that promotes proximity or contact, such as approaching, following, and clinging, in the older infant and toddler.

Question 19

secure attachment

Answer 19

An attachment style characterized by flexible proximity between parent and infant and positive reunion behaviour.

Question 20

insecure–avoidant attachment

.

Answer 20

A type of insecure attachment in which infants show little or no distress upon separation and avoidant behaviour such as running from the parent upon reunion.

Question 21

insecure–resistant attachment

Answer 21

A type of insecure attachment in which infants show very high distress when separated and mixed reactions when reunited

Question 22

disorganized/disoriented attachment

Answer 22

A type of insecure attachment characterized by inconsistent behaviour upon separation and reunion that shows no clear pattern.

Question 23

synchrony

Answer 23

The reciprocal and mutually rewarding qualities of an infant–caregiver attachment relationship.

Question 24

internal working model (IWM).

Answer 24

A set of beliefs and expectations about attachment relationships based on the infant’s experience of sensitive or insensitive caregiving

Question 25

gender

Answer 25

A social construction of expectations that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex.

Question 26

gender differences

Answer 26

Cognitive and behavioural differences associated with gender.

Question 27

sex differences

Answer 27

Biologically based differences between sexes.

Question 28

social smile

Answer 28

In infancy, the first facial expression of pleasure, enabled by neurophysiological maturation and an increasing readiness for social interactions with caregivers. 2-3 months

Question 29

primary emotion

Answer 29

An emotion that is present early in life and is most likely innate.

Question 30

secondary emotion

Answer 30

An emotion that emerges with the help of certain cognitive and social developments.

Question 31

guilt

Answer 31

A painful feeling of regret that arises when one causes, anticipates causing, or is associated with a negative act that violates one’s moral standards.

Question 32

empathy

Answer 32

An emotional response to another’s emotional state that is similar to what the other person is feeling or might be expected to feel.

Question 33

social referencing

Answer 33

Using a caregiver’s emotional cues to help understand an uncertain or ambiguous event or stimulus.

Question 34

self-awareness

Answer 34

The ability to recognize oneself as a separate being.

Question 35

5.A child who clings to a well-known caregiver and refuses to engage a new person is experiencing _____.

a. self-conscious emotions

b. separation anxiety

c. stranger anxiety

d. self-recognition

Answer 35

c. stranger anxiety