MT6313 UNIT 11-12 Flashcards
What are the Main Areas of Applied Health Ethics?
- Free and Informed Consent
- Issues at the Beginning of Life
- Helping the Suffering
- Death
- Relating to other Health Care Givers
What does Free and Informed Consent protect?
patient’s integrity
T or F: Informed consent has charge
F
When is Free and Informed Consent given?
Before collecting body fluids from a patient
Can Free and Informed Consent be vocally expressed?
Yes
Documentation that gives interpretation that the patient is willing to undergo the medical procedure
Free and Informed Consent
What does Free and Informed Consent recognize?
The person’s responsibility for his/her own body
What does Free and Informed Consent enhance?
patient’s active role in caring for his own health
Purpose of Informed Consent?
- Protective: Safeguards against intrusion of integrity
- Participative: Allows for patient’s involvement in decision-making
What are the Elements of Informed Consent?
- Patient Comprehension
- Patient’s Consent
- Knowledge
Knowledge includes the disclosure of all information to the patient by the healthcare giver. This includes?
- truth and nature of the proposed action
- probable benefits and risks
- All information relevant to meaningful decision-making processes
To let the patient have comprehension of the information, it must be given how?
in a manner that is easily understood
use of familiar language and suitable information
must enable the patient to truly appreciate the information
_____ includes the decision/s made based on sound reasons
Patient’s Consent
Patient’s Consent includes the absence of undue pressure such as?
- time constraint
- persuasion, threat, coercion
- deception, manipulation
- fear
- other forms of control
If the patient cannot give informed consent, who can provide consent in their place?
- patient’s nearest of kin
- patient’s guardian
- patient’s representative
Many religious authorities claim that life
begins at the moment of?
conception
What starts the from the time of conception?
sacredness of life
A child must be borne out of?
a conjugal union between husband and wife
T or F: Caring for a pregnant patient is challenging
T
Treating the mother is equivalent to?
Treating the child in her womb
T or F: Treating the child in the mother’s womb is treating the mother.
T
Health and welfare of who should be taken into consideration?
Both child and mother
Life is a _____ that has to be ________
a gift which has to be protected
T or F: Life cannot be sustained forever
T
T or F: Health care providers find difficulties managing the dying patient and accepting death
T
Health care providers should learn how to accept ____ and help patients and relatives accept _______.
death
end of life
At the end of life, health care providers should be able to?
- communicate compassionately with dying patients
- use technology prudently
- recognize and accept medical futility
- avoid disproportionate means to maintain life at all cost
- relieve pain effectively
- give physical, psychological , mental, moral, and emotional support to dying patient
- provide palliative or comfort care
- minimize patient’s symptoms
- maximize interaction with others
- serve as the patient’s companion
A health care provider must understand that suffering is?
- inevitable
- is more complex; more than physical pain or sickness
- deeply rooted in humanity
In a suffering patient, a healthcare provider must?
- empathize with the patient’s sufferings
- make suffering meaningful
- enable the patient to see that suffering has
supernatural benefits
In the context of Health Professional Relationships, humans are what kind of beings?
social beings
What kind of relationships remain at the core of our social system?
Interpersonal and professional relationships
Health professional relationships also includes the _____ interaction between and among ___________ in the health care setting
Reciprocal interaction
professionals
What are the Purposes of Health Professional Relationships?
- Professional growth and development
- Sense of security
- Source of belongingness, enjoyment, and fulfillment
- Context for understanding one’s profession
- Addressing interpersonal needs
- Establishing personal identity
- Building mutual understanding and cooperation
- Improving decision-making
- Understanding self
- Fostering trust and cooperation
Health Professional Relationships has what kinds of mutualities?
- Responsibility
- Support
- Respect
MUTUAL WHAT: Each one doing his best and helping others do their best
responsibility
MUTUAL WHAT: Each one providing support and helping one another
support
MUTUAL WHAT: Each one showing appreciation and accepting each other
respect
In Health Professional Relationships, Health Care Professionals must?
- work to uplift the standards of his profession
- work towards the creation of a safe environment
- implement a just health care program
- work to discover truth through research
What involves ethics, morals, and standards of behavior?
Professional Conduct and Professional Ethics
Professional Conduct and Professional Ethics also includes?
- Ethical behavior
- Good professional conduct
- All standards of behavior in one’s personal life and in the workplace
- Values and guiding principles established by organizations
Professional code of conduct serves as a guide for professionals in performing their job functions based on what kind of principles?
sound moral and ethical principles
What are the benefits of Professional Code of Conduct?
- Build confidence in the profession’s trustworthiness
- Provide greater transparency and certainty about how client’s affairs will be handled
- Provide a supporting framework to the members of the profession to resist pressure of acting inappropriately and making acceptable decisions
- Provide a common understanding of acceptable practice which builds collegiality and allows for fairer disciplinary procedures within the profession
- The profession will be seen to be more reliable
What are the General Principles of Professional Conduct (by the Professional Regulation Commission)?
- Service to others
- Integrity and Objectivity
- Professional Competence
- Solidarity and Teamwork
- Social and Civic Responsibility
- Global Competitiveness
- Equality of All Professions
In the principle of serving others, what needs to be protected?
- life, property, public welfare
- heroic sacrifice
- genuine selflessness
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Practice honesty and reliability at all times
Integrity and Objectivity
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Being free from conflicts of interest
Integrity and Objectivity
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Knowledge, technical skills, attitude, and experience; Keep up with new knowledge in the field
Professional Competence
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Refraining from unethical practices
Integrity and Objectivity
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Upgrade level of competence; Engage in life-long learning
Professional Competence
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Cohesive professional organization; Prioritize broader interest of the profession
Solidarity and Teamwork
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Observe ethical practices to deepen this particular principle of professional conduct
Solidarity and Teamwork
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Carry out professional duties with due consideration to public interest
Social and Civic Responsibility
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Serve patients and the public with due professional concern and contribute to the attainment of national objectives
Social and Civic Responsibility
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Open to challenges of a more dynamic and interconnected world to rise above global standards
Global Competitiveness
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Maintain levels of professional practices fully aligned with global best practices
Global Competitiveness
WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT: Treat colleagues with respect and fairness and be fair in all dealings
Equality of All Professions
“To make a public declaration or commitment for a good end”
Profess
“Principles that govern a person’s behavior in the workplace”
Professional Ethics
Professional Ethics are a set of rules on?
how professionals should act
Professional Ethics is the basis for?
society’s expectations of the professional
A MT does not only know how to perform laboratory procedures and analyses, but performs their work based on?
Good reason and sound judgement
What is in the Code of Ethics of Medical Technologists (as I enter the practice of MT)?
- Accept the responsibilities inherent to being a professional.
- Uphold the law and shall not participate in illegal work.
- Act in a spirit of fairness to all and in a spirit of brotherhood toward other members of the profession.
- Accept employment from more than one employer only when there is no conflict of interest.
- Perform my task with full confidence, absolute reliability, and accuracy.
- Share my knowledge and expertise with colleagues.
- Contribute to the advancement of the professional organization and other allied health organizations.
- Restrict my praises, criticisms, views, and opinions within constructive limits.
- Treat any information I acquired in the course of my work as strictly confidential.
- Uphold the dignity and respect of my profession and conduct myself a reputation of reliability, honesty, and integrity.
- Be dedicated to the use of clinical laboratory science to promote life and benefit mankind.
- Report any violations of the above principles of the professional conduct to authorized agency and to the ethics committee of the organization.
What is health (according to the WHO)?
State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
What is the basis in healthcare?
Understanding of the concept of health
What are the different Concepts of Health?
*Biomedical Concept
*Ecological Concept
*Psychosocial Concept
*Holistic Concept
WHAT CONCEPT OF HEALTH: Merely the absence of disease
Biomedical
WHAT CONCEPT OF HEALTH: This concept has minimized the role of the environment, social, and cultural determinants of health
Biomedical
In the Biomedical Concept of Health, if the person is not sick he is considered?
Healthy
In the Biomedical Concept of Health, the human body is considered as a?
Machine
Ecologists viewed health as a dynamic
equilibrium between?
the human body and the environment
maladjustment between the human
body and the environment
Disease
WHAT CONCEPT OF HEALTH: Regard health as both a biological and social phenomenon
Psychosocial
The Psychosocial Concept of Health takes into consideration the following factors, which are?
- Social (relating)
- Psychological
- Cultural
- Economic
- Political
WHAT CONCEPT OF HEALTH: Synthesis of all the other concepts
Holistic
Holistic Concept of Health recognizes the strength of?
- Social
- Economic
- Political
- Environmental
WHAT CONCEPT OF HEALTH: Considers well-being as a whole
Holistic Concept of Health
Holistic Concept of Health emphasizes on?
promotion and preservation of health
Illness is (individual/community/doctor)
Individual
Disease is (individual/community/doctor)
Doctor
Sickness is (individual/community/doctor)
Community
Subjective state of a person who feels not
to be well
Illness
Illness defines the poor state of?
mind, body, and, spirit.
Illness is the general feeling of?
being sick or unwell
T or F: Illness includes ambiguous symptoms
T
Condition of being ill
Sickness
Sickness is related to what phenomenon?
a different phenomenon which the social role a person with illness or sickness takes or is given in society, in different arenas of life
A suffering, curse and punishment for sins
Disease
Disease serves as a channel to better understand what?
the human body’s capabilities, interactions, and limitations
Medicine has studied disease in terms of?
- Disturbance of bodily homeostasis
- Morphological changes of internal organs
- Morphological changes in tissues and cells
- Irritation of organs and their actions, reactions (physiological)
- Invasion of the body by an external contagion
- Genetic alteration
The term disease literally means?
Without ease (when something is wrong with bodily function)
Refers to the presence of specific disease, also to the person’s perceptions and behavior in response to the disease as well as the impact of that disease on the psychosocial environment
Illness
State of social dysfunction
Sickness
The practitioner’s perspective, illness seen in terms of theory of disorder
Disease
Person’s subjective experience of symptoms and what the patient brings to the doctor
Illness
Social and cultural conceptions of this condition are cultural beliefs and reactions (such as fear and rejection); these affect how the patient reacts, also covers what is considered a disorder suitable for medical treatment
Sickness
A special calling and a service characterized by a trusting and caring relationship
The Healthcare Profession
In the healthcare profession, there is trust between?
Trusted caring service between the health care provider who offers help and a dependent patient who needs and receives it
What are the Qualities of a Healthcare Provider?
- Effective communication skills
- Emotional stability
- Self-respect
- Flexibility
- Good attention to details
- Good interpersonal skills
- Physical stamina
- Problem-solving skills
- Ability to respond quickly
- Respect for others
- Empathy
- Compassion
Effective communication skills includes?
speaking and listening
follow directions without problems
talking easily to patients and families and understanding their needs
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER: handle stress, traumatic situations, suffering, and death
able to work without allowing stress to cause serious personal harm
emotional stability
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
proper regard to the dignity of one’s character or profession
Self-respect
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
appreciation of one’s obligation
Self-respect
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
willingness to work long periods, overtime, night shifts, and even on holidays
willingness to accept other responsibilities
Flexibility
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
understands every step and careful not to make any error
Good attention to detail
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
works well with different people in a variety of situations
Good interpersonal skills
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
strong physical endurance to endure long hours of work and perform taxing duties
physical stamina
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
think quickly to address problems even before they arise
Problem-solving skills
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
always prepared to respond to sudden incidences; to respond to emergencies
ability to respond quickly
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
heedful of confidentiality requirements
considerate of other cultures and traditions
Respect for others
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER: respect people rules, wishes and decisions of patients
Respect for others
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
sensitivity and willingness to assist other people
compassion
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
promote patient’s well-being to help improve patients’ health outcomes
compassion
WHAT QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER:
help enhance patients’ well-being and improve the quality of patients’ relationship
compassion
What are the Virtues of a Healthcare Provider?
- Fidelity
- Humility
- Compassion
- Justice
- Courage
- Prayerfulness
WHAT VIRTUE OF HCP:
keeping the promise of being a patient advocate
Fidelity
WHAT VIRTUE OF HCP:
* provide competent care
* avoid conflicts of interest
Fidelity
WHAT VIRTUE OF HCP:
* recognizing one’s capabilities and limitations
Humility
WHAT VIRTUE OF HCP:
* respecting patient’s autonomy
* willingness to accept suggestions from colleagues
Humility
WHAT VIRTUE OF HCP:
* willingness to sacrifice for others
* genuine concern for the sufferings of others
Compassion
WHAT VIRTUE OF HCP:
* constant will to give what is due to others
* offering needed treatments/interventions
Justice
WHAT VIRTUE OF HCP:
* fairness
* rightfulness
JUSTICE
WHAT VIRTUE OF HCP:
* doing what is right without undue fear
* being true to one’s calling without fear
* willingness to fight for patient’s rights
Courage
WHAT VIRTUE OF HCP:
* willingness to fight for patient’s rights
Courage
WHAT VIRTUE OF HCP:
* inclination to seek God
* prays for encouragement, strength, and consolation
Prayerfulness
Without virtues, the delivery of health care
is just a _________.
With virtues, it becomes a _________.
business contract
covenant of trust
What are the roles of healthcare professionals?
central and critical role in improving access and quality health care for the population
provide essential services that promote health, prevent diseases and deliver health care services based on the primary health care approach
What are the Rights of Healthcare Professionals?
- basic individual rights (civil, constitutional and statutory rights)
- considerate and respectful behavior from the patients and to be free from harassment and abuse
- right to protect ourselves from physical attack
- right to register a complaint about a patient, and to pursue that complaints through the hospital system or in court of law without risk to employment
- right not to be required to put patients’ life, their physical health, or the health of their families at risk
- right to reasonable access to the tools needed to perform the duties of their position
- right to sufficient personal time during the work shift to keep hydrated and nourished as needed
Where did the word patients come from?
Patiens (Latin) : one who suffers
persons receiving medical care/treatment
persons under health care
Patients
What are outpatients?
one who is hospitalized for less than 24 hours
What are in-patients?
one who is confined overnight or for an indeterminate time in the hospital
What are patient rights under the principle of autonomy?
Moral right to determine what is good for himself
Right to self-determination
What are patient rights under the medical context?
- right to informed consent
- right to informed decision
- right to informed choice
- right to refusal of treatment
What are patient responsibilities?
- knowing rights
- providing information about past illnesses, hospitalizations, medications, and other health-related matters
- requesting additional information or clarification about their health status or treatment when they do not fully understand the current information or instructions
- making sure that the health care institution has a copy of their written advance directive if they have one
- informing their physicians and other caregivers if they anticipate problems in following prescribed treatment
- being aware that the hospital has to be reasonably efficient and equitable in providing care to other patients and the community
- being considerate of and making reasonable accommodations to the needs of the hospital
Health care workers should treat their patients as?
unique individuals
What improves the patient’s experience and increases patient engagement?
Personalization
Personalization improves and increases what?
patient experience and engagement
What is essential in personalizing the healthcare profession?
Patients ownership of their health and outcomes
Personalizing the Health Care Profession includes?
- Getting patients involved in their care
- Personalized health recommendations
- Personalized online therapy
- Personalized delivery of health services and results
