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2nd Year 2nd Term > MT6312 LEC UNIT 4 > Flashcards

MT6312 LEC UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as chronic diseases

A

Communicable disease

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2
Q

Non-communicable diseases are of_____ duration and generally _____ progression

A

long
slow

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3
Q

Non-communicable diseases are a result from combinations of _____,______,_____ and _____ factors

A

genetic, physiological,
environmental and behaviors

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4
Q

Characteristics of Non-communicable disease

A
  • Complex etiology (causes)
  • Multiple risk factors
  • Long latency period
  • Non-contagious origin
  • Prolonged course of illness
  • Functional impairment or disability
  • Incurability
  • Insidious onset
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5
Q

characteristic, condition, or behaviour that increases the likelihood of getting a disease or injury

A

Risk factor

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6
Q

Risk factors can either be ____ or _____

A

modifiable or nonmodifiable.

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7
Q

Surveillance of non-communicable can be difficult because of?

A
  1. Lag time between exposure and health condition,
  2. More than one exposure for a health condition, and
  3. Exposure link to more than one health condition .
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8
Q

_______ are needed to prevent disease.

A

Intervention that target risk factors

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9
Q

Risk factor surveillance cycle

A

Change people’s behavior
Reduce risk
Reduce burden of disease

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10
Q

A risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention

A

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

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11
Q

Examples of Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Race, and
  4. Family history (genetics)
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12
Q

A behavioral risk factor that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of disease.

A

Modifiable Risk Factors

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13
Q

WHO has prioritized the following FOUR Modifiable Risk Factors, which are?

A
  1. Physical Inactivity
  2. Tobacco use
  3. Alcohol use, and
  4. Unhealthy diets
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14
Q

Tobacco kills up to how much of its users?

A

Half

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15
Q

Annual death toll of tobacco can rise up to ____ by 2030

A

8million

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16
Q

Nearly 80% of the world’s 1 billion smokers live in ______ and ______ – income countries.

A

low – and in middle

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17
Q

Among smokers, what are some sicknesses that could develop?

A

Cancer
Coronary heart disease
Lung disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Stroke
Fetal complications and stillbirth

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18
Q

Most countries have increased overall daily consumption of?

A
  1. Daily calories,
  2. Fats and meats and
  3. Energy dense and nutrient- poor foods such as:
    - starches
    - refined sugars
    - trans-fats
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19
Q

Unhealthy Diet: Health Effects

A

Coronary heart disease
Stroke
Cancer
Type 2 Diabetes
Hypertension
Liver and gallbladder disease
Obesity

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20
Q

____ of the world’s population does not get enough physical activity.

A

31%

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21
Q

Many social and economic changes contribute to physical inactivity, which are?

A
  • Aging populations
  • Transportation, and
  • Communication technology
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22
Q

____ of major NCDs worldwide is attributable to physical inactivity

A

6-10%

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23
Q

____ of all global drinkers are episodic, heavy drinkers.

A

11.5%

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24
Q

_____ people die from alcohol consumption per year.

A

2.5 million

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25
Q

Refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body’s normal functioning.

A

Metabolic

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26
Q

_____ can lead to metabolic/physiologic changes.

A

Behaviors (modifiable risk factors)

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27
Q

WHO has prioritized the following four metabolic risk factors, which are?

A
  1. Raised blood pressure
  2. Raised total cholesterol
  3. Elevated glucose
  4. Overweight and Obesity
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28
Q

TOP 3 Leading Non-Communicable Diseases (Mortality rates) in the Philippines, both sexes, all ages in 2017 is?

A

Cardiovascular disease
Neoplasms
Diabetes and CKD

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29
Q

Group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels

A

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

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30
Q

The number 1 cause of death globally, taking an estimated 17.9 million lives each year

A

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

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31
Q

Symptoms of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

A
  1. Heart attack
  2. Arrythmia
  3. Heart failure
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32
Q

disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle

A

Coronary Heart Disease

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33
Q

disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain

A

Cerebrovascular Disease

34
Q

disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease

35
Q

damage to the heart muscle and heart valves caused by streptococcal bacteria

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

36
Q

malformations of heart structure existing at birth

A

Congenital Heart Disease

37
Q

blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis And Pulmonary Embolism

38
Q

Major Modifiable Risk Factors for Cardiovascular disease

A
  1. High BP
  2. Abnormal blood lipids
  3. Tobacco use
  4. Physical inactivity
  5. Obesity
  6. Unhealthy diet (salt)
  7. Diabetes
39
Q

Other modifiable RFs for Cardiovascular disease

A
  1. Low socio-economic status
  2. Mental ill-health (depression)
  3. Psychosocial stress
  4. Heavy alcohol use
  5. Use of certain medication
  6. Lipoprotein
40
Q

“Novel” Risk Factors for Cardiovascular disease

A
  1. Excess homocysteine in blood
  2. Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein)
  3. Abnormal blood coagulation (elevated blood levels of fibrinogen)
41
Q

A chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces leading to hyperglycemia

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

42
Q

DM may lead to serious damage to many of the body’s systems, especially the _____ and ______

A

nerves and blood vessels

43
Q

Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly in ____ and ______ income countries

A

middle- and low-

44
Q

The number of people with diabetes has risen from ____ in 1980 to _____ in 2014

A

108 million
422 million

45
Q

An estimated _____ deaths were directly caused by diabetes

A

1.5 million

46
Q

previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset

47
Q

T or F: DM1 is of unknown cause and not preventable with current knowledge

48
Q

characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin

49
Q

DM 2 previously known as?

A

non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset

50
Q

Why was DM2 formerly called non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset?

A

Due to the body’s ineffective use of insulin

51
Q

DM2 is a result of?

A

Result of excess body weight and physical inactivity

52
Q

a temporary condition that occurs in pregnancy and carries long-term risk of type 2 diabetes

A

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

53
Q

Characteristic glucose levels in gestational DM?

A

hyperglycaemia with blood glucose values above normal but below those diagnostic of diabetes

54
Q

How id gestational DM diagnosed?

A

prenatal screening, rather than through reported symptoms

55
Q

Signs and Symptoms of DM

A
  1. Polyuria
  2. Polydipsia
  3. Polyphagia
  4. Weight loss (type 1)
  5. Weight gain (type 2)
  6. Vision changes
  7. Fatigue
56
Q

RFs of DM

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Age
  3. Family history
  4. Unhealthy diet
  5. Physical inactivity
  6. Obesity
57
Q

Major modifiable RFs for DM

A
  1. Unhealthy diet
  2. Physical inactivity 3. Obesity
  3. High BP
  4. High Cholesterol
58
Q

Other modifiable RFs for DM

A
  1. Low Socio-economic status
  2. Heavy alcohol use
  3. Psychological stress
  4. High consumption of sugar – sweetened
    beverages
  5. Low consumption of fiber
59
Q

Non-modifiable RFs for DM

A
  1. Increased age
  2. Family history/Genetics
  3. Race
  4. Distribution of fat
60
Q

Other RFs for DM

A
  1. Low birth weight
  2. Presence of autoantibodies
61
Q

Cancer is also known as?

A

malignant tumors and neoplasms

62
Q

generic term for a large group of
diseases due to the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs

63
Q

Cancer arises from?

A

transformation of normal cells into tumor cells in a multistage process that generally progresses from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumor

64
Q

Causes of cancer

A

Chemical, Physical and Biological Carcinogen
Person’s genetics

65
Q

RFs for Cancer

A

Biomedical factors (Genetic susceptibility, hormonal factors in females)

Lifestyle (Smoking, alcohol, Physical activity, Chronic infections, Diet)

Environmental (sunlight, radiation, occupational exposure, pollution)

66
Q

Common Oncoviruses

A

Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus-1 –> T-cell Leukemia

Human Papillomavirus –> Cervical cancer

Hepatitis B and C virus –> Hepatocellular carcinoma

Human Immunodeficiency virus –> Kaposi’s sarcoma and non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Epstein-Barr virus –> Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer

67
Q

EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER through?

A
  1. Early diagnosis
  2. Screening
68
Q

Steps for early diagnosis of cancer

A
  1. Awareness and accessing care
  2. Clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and staging
  3. Access to treatment
69
Q

Examples of Screening Methods for cancer

A
  • Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for cervical cancer in low-income settings
  • HPV testing for cervical cancer
  • PAP cytology test for cervical cancer in
    middle- and high-income settings
  • Mammography screening for breast
    cancer in settings with strong or relatively strong health systems.
70
Q

diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung

A

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES

71
Q

Are CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES curable?

72
Q

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES examples

A

ASTHMA
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASES
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

73
Q

common lung condition that causes sporadic breathing difficulties

74
Q

chronic disease where in the lining of the bronchial tubes swell, causing the airways to narrow and reducing the flow of air into and out of the lungs

75
Q

Asthma is common in?

76
Q

Globally,_____ people currently suffer from asthma

A

235 million

77
Q

According to WHO, there were ____ deaths due to asthma in 2015

78
Q

lung disease that is characterized by a persistent reduction of airflow

79
Q

COPD is caused by?

A

by a mixture of small airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema)

80
Q

RFs for COPD?

A
  1. Cigarette smoking
  2. Indoor air pollution (such as solid
    fuel used for cooking and heating)
  3. Outdoor air pollution
  4. Occupational dusts and chemicals
    (such as vapors, irritants, and fumes) 5. Frequent lower respiratory
    infections during childhood

2nd Year 2nd Term (38 decks)

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