MT3- Rhabdoviruses Flashcards
Rhabdoviruses are enveloped viruses
T
Rhabdoviruses are resistant viruses they can remain infective in the environment for several
weeks
F
no/short survival in environment
Rhabdoviruses are generally good antigens
T
Rhabdoviruses can survive in the environment for several months
F
no/short survival in environment
The resistance of Rhabdoviruses is good
F
Vesicular stomatitis virus has a narrow host range
F
broad
Vesicular stomatitis is a frequent disease in Africa
F
Vesicular stomatitis is a widespread disease all over the world
F
Americas; South Canada, USA, Middle America, South Am. (tropical regions)
Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause clinical signs in horses
T
Equidae > ruminants, swine, lama, alpaca > human, others
Vesicular stomatitis is a zoonotic disease
T
Increased salivation is a clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis
T
The mortality of vesicular stomatitis is low
T
The mortality of vesicular stomatitis is very high
F
Vesicular stomatitis causes large number of vesicles in humans
F
Vesicular stomatitis virus is transmitted by blood sucking arthropods and direct contact
T
The clinical signs of foot and mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis cannot be differentiated
in horses
F
Vesicular stomatitis can be transmitted only by arthropods
F
contact, injury-saliva, arthropod
Vesicular Stomatitis virus can be transmitted by arthropods
T
Vesicular stomatitis can occur in ruminants, horses, pigs, and humans
T
Equidae > ruminants, swine, lama, alpaca > human, others
Vesicular stomatitis virus does not cause viraemia only local lesions
F
Vesicular stomatitis virus is found all over the world.
F
Americas; South Canada, USA, Middle America, South Am. (tropical regions)
Vesicular stomatitis virus: horse is sensitive.
F
Vesicular stomatitis virus spreads with insects.
T
contact, injury-saliva, arthropod
After recovery of VSV there will be a permanent immunity.
F
Vesicular stomatitis can be generalized.
T
Vesicular stomatitis can cause vesicles on the foot.
T
- lips, oral cavity, tongue
- foot, mainly coronary band
Only ruminants can have vesicular stomatitis.
F
Equidae > ruminants, swine, lama, alpaca > human, others
Vesicular stomatitis: animals can recover.
T
Vesicular stomatitis occurs in America.
T
Americas; South Canada, USA, Middle America, South Am. (tropical regions)
The host range of vesicular stomatitis and foot and mouth disease is the same.
F
Sand flies and midges can transmit vesicular stomatitis virus.
T
- arthropod
In the case of vesicular stomatitis vesicles are formed only at the place of entry of the virus.
F
Salivation is a clinical sign of vesicular stomatitis.
T
- anorexia, salivation
- limping
- drop of milk production
Vesicular stomatitis cannot be prevented with vaccines.
F
The vesicular stomatitis virus is uniform, there are no serotypes, variants etc.
F
long lasting antibodies (serotype-specific)
The resistance of the vesicular stomatitis virus is low.
T
Vesicular stomatitis virus can be transmitted by direct contact or arthropods.
T
Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause lesions on the teats.
T
- decreased milk production
The host range of the vesicular stomatitis virus is wide.
T
Vesicular stomatitis is endemic in America.
T
Vesicular stomatitis virus infects only swine.
F
Cattle are not susceptible to vesicular stomatitis virus.
F
Vesicular stomatitis virus can infect humans.
T
Lesions of vesicular stomatitis heal within a few weeks.
T
There are no vaccines for the prevention of vesicular stomatitis.
F
- inactivated vaccine
live attenuated vaccine ( South America)
Insects are involved in the transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus.
T
- arthropods
Vesicular stomatitis virus can spread by direct contact.
T
Vesicular stomatitis virus can cause severe disease in humans.
F
Ephemeral fever virus is transmitted by arthropods.
T
Mosquito bite
Direct contact is the main way of transmission of ephemeral fever virus
F
-mosquito bite
Ephemeral fever is a frequent disease all over the world
F
- Africa
- Australia
- Asia (Middle-East, South-Eastern Asia)
Ephemeral fever is a zoonotic disease
F
Ephemeral fever virus is shed in large amount in the saliva.
F
No shedding of virus
Ephemeral fever occurs only in America.
F
- Africa
- Australia
- Asia (Middle-East, South-Eastern Asia)
The morbidity is high, the mortality is low in the case of ephemeral fever.
T
High morbidity
low mortality
Drop of milk production is a common sign of ephemeral fever
T
Ephemeral fever occurs in the tropical countries.
T
Inhalation of the tracheal discharge is the main way of infection with ephemeral fever virus.
F
The clinical signs of ephemeral fever are more severe in horses than cattle.
F
Animals with ephemeral fever have fever for about 2-3 days
T
- fever (2-3 days)
- anorexia, weakness
- reluctant to move
- lameness
In the case of silent rabies rabid dogs cannot bark.
F
There is a high level of cross protection between phylogroups of rabies viruses
F
Humans can be infected with European bat lyssaviruses in case of direct contact.
T
Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies can be seen in the case of rabies
T
Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus.
F
herbivorous animals
carnivorous animals
Rabies virus is uniform without serotypes, genotypes etc.
F
Aggressiveness is a frequent sign of rabies.
T
Puppies have to be vaccinated against rabies at the age of 6 weeks.
F
Dog/horse 3 month old
Humans can be infected with European bat lyssaviruses in case of direct contact.
T
Rabies virus can infect humans; however, humans are not very susceptible
T
Bat lyssaviruses cannot infect humans
F
Bats infected with European bat lyssaviruses frequently attack animals
F
Rabies is a notifiable disease
T
Increased sex drive is a frequent sign of rabies.
T
Sylvatic rabies is maintained by wild living animals.
T
Foxes maintain sylvatic rabies in Europe
T
Racoon is one of the species that maintains sylvatic rabies in America
T
In order to prevent sylvatic rabies, foxes are vaccinated per os with live vaccine in bait
T
Changed behaviour and paralysis are clinical signs of rabies
T
The incubation time of rabies is generally 24-72 hours; however, exceptions can occur
F
long (usually 2-8 weeks), depends on:
- host species, age
- site of infection
- virus strain
- virus dose
- dormant period in certain species –
The incubation time of rabies is generally 2-8 weeks; however, exceptions can occur
T
long (usually 2-8 weeks), depends on:
- host species, age
- site of infection
- virus strain
- virus dose
- dormant period in certain species –
Rabies virus can only be transmitted with bite
F
infectious saliva gets under skin or to mucous membranes
→ bite, other wound
The host range of rabies is very narrow, mainly dogs and foxes are susceptible
F
Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus
F
Dogs have to be observed for 14 days if they have bitten humans.
T
Herbivorous animals bitten by foxes can be emergency slaughtered
T
Rabies virus can be detected with immunofluorescence test
T
Rabies virus appears in the saliva 2-3 days after the onset of the clinical signs
F
Lethality of rabies in humans is high
T
The resistance of rabies virus is low; it cannot survive in the environment for a long time
T
Rabies can be diagnosed by detection of antibodies in paired sera
F
Antibodies against rabies detected with ELISA confirm the diagnosis of rabies
F
- IF
- PCR
- VIRUS ISOLATION + IF
Rabies virus is spreading alone the nerves in the host
T
Urban rabies has been eradicated from the Earth.
F
Urban rabies is maintained by dogs and cats.
T
Rabies occurs only in tropical countries
F
Herbivores animals are generally dead end hosts of rabies
T
Rabies virus replicates in the lymphocytes
F.
- virus get into muscle/skin/mm
- slow replication at periphery nerves
Postmortem examination of rabid animals is forbidden
F
Haemorrhages of the serous membranes are typical postmortem lesions of rabies
F
No clear pathological finding
Rabies can be diagnosed only by using PCR.
F
- PCR
- IF
- ISOLATION
- HISTOLOGY
Post exposition vaccine against rabies can be given to ruminants bitten by foxes
T
Rabies virus does not penetrate the blood vessels.
F
Rabies: one of the important symptoms is the change of behaviour.
T
Rabies: one important symptom is paralysis
T
In rabies we find purulent encephalitis in negri-bodies.
T
With immunofluorescence test we can diagnose rabies.
T
We can diagnose rabies by antibody detection test.
F
- only to check vacine status
When an animal which is infected with rabies virus attacks another dog, it should be
vaccinated immediately
F??
Rabies is a uniform virus.
F
Rabies is a resistant virus.
F
Weak resistance, no survival in environment
Warm blooded animals can be infected with rabies.
T
Rabies can be transmitted only by saliva.
F
Fox rabies: we can use live vaccines.
T
Since 2002 rabies is eradicated from Hungary
F
Humans can be infected by Rabies bite.
T
Humans can be infected by Rabies during organ transplants.
T
Rabies virus is spreading in the infected animals peri-neural.
T
Rabies virus is shed in the saliva, before appearance of the clinical signs.
T
The incubation of rabies is generally less than one week.
F
ong (usually 2-8 weeks)
The rabies virus is a uniform virus without serotypes, genotypes, subtypes etc.
F
Only carnivorous animals are susceptible to rabies virus .
F
High amount of rabies virus is shed in the saliva.
T
The causative agent of rabies is a uniform virus, without different types or groups.
F
The resistance of the rabies virus is good, it retains infectivity for several months in the
environment .
F
All warm-blooded animals are susceptible to rabies virus.
T
Rabies virus is shed in high titre in the saliva.
T
Paralysis is a clinical sign of rabies.
T
Foxes are vaccinated with attenuated bait vaccine.
T
Cattle bitten by rabid animals may be vaccinated post exposition or slaughtered.
T
Humans can be infected with rabies, only by being bitten by rabid animals.
F
organ transplantation, contact with infected animal
Rabies virus is spreading along the nerves to the central nervous system.
T
Rabies virus is shed in the saliva only after the appearance of the clinical signs.
F
Changed behaviour is a typical sign of rabies.
T
Focal necrosis in the liver is a typical lesion of rabies.
F
Immunofluorescence test is widely used diagnostic method in the case of rabies.
T
Virus neutralization test is used to the laboratory diagnosis of rabies cases.
T
- VN AND ELISA to detect antibodies
Dogs have to be vaccinated for the prevention of rabies at the age of 3 months for the first
time.
T
Increased salivation is a clinical sign of rabies.
T
Always the furious form of rabies can be seen in dogs.
F
Colic can be a sign of rabies in horses.
T
missleading sign
- itching at site of exposure
excitation - aggressiveness
- scrapes with hoof
- bites objects
Changed behaviour is a clinical sign of rabies of wild living animals.
T
Only the classical rabies virus can cause clinical signs, the other genotypes not.
F
The sylvatic form of rabies is maintained by different wild living animals.
T
Rabies virus causes viraemia soon after infection.
F
No viraemia!
Saliva can contain rabies virus, before the appearance of clinical signs.
T
Humans are not susceptible to European bat lyssaviruses.
F
There is no haematogenic spreading of the rabies virus.
F
Increased sexual activity is seen in rabid cattle.
T
Dogs have to be vaccinated against rabies in the first week of life.
F
Cattle bitten by a rabid animal can be vaccinated after exposition.
T
The rabid bats fly during the day.
T
Immunofluorescence (IF) is reliable in the diagnosis of rabies.
T
Only the classical rabies virus is present in Europe.
F
Urban form of rabies is maintained by the fox in Europe.
F
- dog
Rabies virus is highly resistant.
F
low
Rabies virus cannot be cultured.
F
Presence of antibodies to rabies virus confirms the diagnosis of rabies.
F
Detection of Negri bodies is more sensitive than immunofluorescence test, in the case of
rabies.
F
Virus isolation is the most widely used way of diagnosis of rabies.
F
Inhalation of the virus is the main way of infection with rabies virus.
F
Rabies virus is replicating in the lymphoid cells and causes viraemia before the appearance
of the clinical signs.
F
The incubation time of rabies is variable, generally between 2 and 8 weeks.
T
Immunofluorescence test can be used to the detection of rabies virus in the brain.
T
Rabid animals have to be vaccinated immediately.
F
In cats furious form of rabies is typical.
T
In dogs both furious and silent form of rabies can occur.
T
Rabies has been eradicated in Europe.
F
Rabies spread through venereal.
F
The high-titre of virus neutralizing antibodies confirms the diagnosis of rabies.
F
Live vaccines are used for the vaccination of foxes against rabies
T
Rabies symptoms appear only after CNS signs
F
Rabies virus can only be found in the nervous system
F
