Movement Disorders Flashcards
purpose of the basal ganglia
- make movements & prevents unwanted movements
which is excitatory? which is inhibitory?
* GABA
* Glutamate
- GABA: inhibitory
- Glutamate: excitatory
describe the direct pathway
promotes voluntary movement in trageted muscules (from through to the actual movement)
describe the indirect pathway
inhibition of movements in other muscles that do not contribute to the overall wanted movement
in normal movement, what acts on the pathways?
dopamine
in normal pathways what does dopamine act on? what after that?
thalamus which then excites the motor cortex
vocab
dyskinesia
any involuntary movement
vocab
athetosis
abnormal muscle contractions cause involuntary writhing movement
vocab
bradykinesia
slowness of movements
vocab
chorea
jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face (dance like movements)
vocab
dysmetria
misjuding distance to a target
vocab
hyposmia
reduced ability to smell
vocab
hemiballismus
- type of chorea
- usually involving violent, involuntary flinging of one arm/leg
vocab
akathisia
restlessness
vocab
titubation
shaking of the trunk and head
vocab
rigidity
stiffness, noted as increased muscle tone on examination
vocab
tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movements due to dopamine antagonists
Tic Disorders
describe tic disorders
neuropsychiatric diseases which are common in children
Tic Disorders
characterized by
- sudden twitches
- movements (motor tic)
- sounds that people do repeatedly (vocal tic)
Tic Disorders
describe simple motor tics
- appears in one muscle group
Tic Disorders
examples of simple motor tics
8
- nose twitching
- blinking/rolling eyes
- neck/head spasms
- head shaking
- head leaning back
- lip biting
- face grimacing
- shoulder struggling
Tic Disorders
describe complex motor tics
- simultaneously in more than 2 muscle groups
Tic Disorders
examples of motor tics
4
- kicking, skipping, or jumping while walking
- imitating others’ movements
- flaring nostrils and sniffing
- self hitting/twirling in place
Tic Disorders
examples of simple vocal tics
7
- dry cough
- chocking sound
- throat clearing
- making animal noises
- sniffling
- muttering
- saying syllables
Tic Disorders
examples of complex vocal tics
- palilalia
- echolalia
- stuttering
- coprolalia
Tic Disorders
what is palilalia
repletion of one’s own spoken words or sentences
Tic Disorders
what is echolalia
repletion of words spoken by others
Tic Disorders
what is coprolalia
saying obscene words or searing
Tic Disorders
5 tic disorders
- transient tic disorder
- chronic tic disorder
- complex tic disorder
- tourette’s syndrome
- unclassified tic disorder
Tic Disorders
describe transient tic disorder
when the tic sx temporarily and repeatedly appears and disappear before the age of 18
Tic Disorders
describe chronic tic disorders
when either one of motor or vocal tic repeatedly appears and disappears continuously for more than a year
Tic Disorders
describe complex tic disorder
when vocal and motor tics are combined
Tic Disorders
describe tourette syndrome
when the symptoms of a complex tix last more than a year
Tic Disorders
what % of kids experience tics? more common in who?
1 in 5 kids
3x more common in boys than girls
Tic Disorders
4 potential causes
- dopamine system dysregulation
- genetic factor
- environmental factors
- psycholgoical factors
Tic Disorders
what meds can be given?
class + 3 drugs
anti-psychotic drugs
* haloperidol
* pimozide
* risperidone
Tic Disorders
what does behavioral therapy consist of?
3
- relaxation training
- habit reversal
- family education
Tic Disorders
what operations to consider
2
- deep brain stimulation
- nerve surgery
Tic Disorders
what alternative treatments are available?
2
- cranio-scaral balance therapy
- TMJ balancing
Tremors
describe them
non-intentional rhythmic and oscillatory movements of a body part, which result from alternating or irregular synchronous contractions of muscles that have an opposite effect on a joint
Tremors
how are tremors classified
4
- distribution: which body part is affected
- state-dependent: action (essential tremor), rest (Parkinson’s disease)
- tremor frequency (number of oscillations/sec)
- amplitude (distance of movement)
Tremors
what 3 disorders are action tremors
- postural
- kinetic
- isometric
Tremors
what disorder is a rest tremor?
parkinson’s