movement analysis (Chapter 2) Flashcards
Name the three basic parts that make up an lever
Fulcrum
effort
resistance
Define fulcrum
The part of the lever system that pivots ; joints are the fulcrums in the body’s lever system
Define resistance
The load to be moved by a lever system ; usually this involves weight when the body’s lever systems are involved
Define effort
The force applied to move the resistance or weight ; in the body, the effort is provided muscles exerting a force.
Define a first class lever
Found at the elbow joint , where the triceps causes extension of the lower arm
Name a sporting example of a first class lever
Darts throw
Define a second class lever
A lever found at the ankle, where the gastrocnemius causes plantar flexion
Where is the fulcrum , resistance and effort placed in a first class lever ?
Resistance (left)
Fulcrum (middle)
Effort (right)
Where is the fulcrum, resistance and effort placed in a second class lever ?
Resistance (middle)
Fulcrum (right)
Effort (left)
Example of a second class lever ?
Push-ups
Define a third class lever
The majority of the body’s joints act as a third class levers; for example biceps acting at the elbow to cause plantar flexion
Where is the Fulcrum, resistance and effort placed in a third class lever ?
Resistance (left)
Fulcrum (Right)
Effort (middle)
Example of a third class lever
Bicep curl
Define mechanical advantage
The benefit to a lever system of having either a short effort arm - giving rapid movements over a large range of movement- or short resistance arm giving the advantage of being able to move a heavy weight.
Equation for mechanical advantage ?
Mechanical advantage = effort arm / resistance arm
Define agonist
The prime mover - muscles that cause movement
Define antagonistic
Muscles that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract
define tendons
Attach muscles to bone
name the different muscle contractions for movement ?
Isotonic
concentric
eccentric
isometric
Define isotonic
Muscles action where the muscles changes length- causes movement
Define isometric
Muscles action where the muscle stays the same length - used in balance
Define concentric
Isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens
Define eccentric
isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens - used to control downward movements.
Name the three planes
Sagittal
Transverse
Frontal
Define Sagittal
Forward and backward movement
Define frontal
side to side movements
define transverse
rotational or turning movements
Name the three axis’s
Transverse axis
sagittal axis
Longitudinal
Define sagittal plane and transverse axis
Plane and axis for forwards and backwards movements-direction for extension and flexion
Define frontal plane and sagittal axis
Plane and axis for side to side movements - direction for abductiuon and adduction
Define transverse plane and longitudinal axis
plane and axis for rotating movements - direction for rotations and spins
Define Deltoid
Muscle causing flexion at the shoulder
Define latissimus dorsi
Muscle causing extension at the shoulder
Define biceps
Muscle causing flexion at the elbow
Define triceps
Muscle causing extension at the elbow
Define Hamstrings
Group of muscles causing flexion at the knee
Define quadriceps
Group of muscles that cause extension at the knee
What is plantar flexion
Involves the gastrocnemius muscle contracting to push out the foot straight
What is dorsi flexion ?
Involves the tibialis anterior muscles contracting and pulling the toes up towards the shin
Gastrocnemius ?
Muscle causing plantar flexion at the ankle
Tibialis anterior ?
Muscle causing dorsi flexion
