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NeuroRehab > Motor Control And Learning > Flashcards

Motor Control And Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Movement

A

Functional objective that must be achieved in order to accomplish the overall goal of an activit

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2
Q

Motor control

A

Ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement - CNS organizes individual muscles/joints into one coordinated functional movement

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3
Q

Movement emerges from

A

Interaction of individual, task, and enviro

-generates movement to need demands of task and enviro

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4
Q

Motor control requires

A

Action
Perception
Cognition

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5
Q

Perception

A

Integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information
-both sensory and perceptual systems along w/ higher level processing

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6
Q

Cognition

A

Attention, motivation, emotional aspects of motor control that underlie the establishment of intent or goals

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7
Q

Motor programs

A

Communications in CNS that are based on past experiences and can generate planned postural adjustments and movements

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8
Q

Sub programs

A

Learned parts that act as motor commands for more automatic routines

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9
Q

The more complex the movement,

A

The more cortical networks involved

  • all areas of brain are directly or indirectly involved in motor control
  • inter connectivity b/n cortical areas will impact movement
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10
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Distal muscles, precise movements

Planning of voluntary movements

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11
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract

A

Axial (trunk) muscles, uncrossed fibers

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12
Q

Corticospinal pathway origins - 4

A

4 PRimary motor cortex - 1/3 to face/hand/rest of body. Selectivity, skill, precision

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13
Q

Corticospinal pathway origin - area 6

A

supplementary motor, premotor cortex - adjusts the manner in which spinal cord responds to the peripheral input

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14
Q

Corticospinal pathway origin - area 312

A

Primary somatosensory/ 5,7 somatosensory association

Adjust transmission of the sensory pathways including stereognosis and discriminatory sensation

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15
Q

Corticospinal pathways

A

Direct active movement control

  • fine tuning of volitional movement, esp skilled indep finger control
  • Skill and precision by incorporating visual and auditory information
  • rate and rhythm of automatic movements
  • speed and agility —>rapid skilled movements
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16
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Inter connected gray matter nuclear masses- direct connection to limbic, frontal cortex, brainstem

  • planning and programming movement (selection and inhibition of motor strategies)
  • important role in cognitive processes, awareness of body orientation, adapt behavior to task changes/motivation
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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Integrative structure critical for environmental adaptations

-compares ongoing movement w/ the motor command from the cortex

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18
Q

Primary motor areas

A

Receive somatopic projection from somatosensory cortex

  • input is from muscle spindles, sensory side to stretch reflex
  • neurons correlates w/ a wide variety of movement parameters including force, velocity, direction
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19
Q

Secondary motor areas

A

Supplementary and premotor areas

Planning movements, neurons fire hundreds of milliseconds before a movement begins

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20
Q

Supplementary motor area

A

Crucial for performing complicated tasks involving both sides of the body (two handed activities)

  • complex sequences previously learned form memory in absence of visual cues
  • more active in sequential motor task
21
Q

Premotor area

A
  • Planning movements that require sensory cues
  • Receives large input form posterior parietal cortex
  • Provides sensory input for targeted areas and action is context specific
  • projections into SC
  • planning and initation of centrally programmed commands
  • establishment of the postural set
22
Q

Premotor area involved

A

In activities that require sequencing of goal directed info

-Less active during repetitive simple movements

23
Q

Primary somatosensory area

A

After movement starts
Responds to Sensory feedback
Info via thalamus
Multiple sensory fields respond specially to a somatosensory input
Project to SC, BS, thalamus (control input to cerebral cortex)

24
Q

Both the somatosensory motor and pre motor cortex

A

Are active during learning a motor task!!

25
Q

Premotor vs somatosensory

A

Premotor - movements that rely on sensory inputs from enviro (vision and proprietary). Respond to changes in sensory input during complex movement or perturbations

Somatosensory - active in skills that require planning several movements ahead, particularly at that require temporal ordering of proximal and distal movements

26
Q

Voluntary movement

A

Intentionally, guided by perception
-planned then executed by output of motor commands (correct sequence of muscle activation)
Sensory feedback to optimize performance
Requires postural support

27
Q

Modulation of voluntary movement

A

Motor cortex alters it’s output depending on its afferent input

  • pyramidal tracts active before movement - contribute to establishment of postural set
  • allows feedback and feed forward loop
28
Q

Motor cortex damage

A
  • deterioration in ability to make find indep. Movements of hand
  • contralateral loss of hand orientating responses
  • disruption of sensory motor linkage, esp spatial adjustments
  • destruction of internal capsule
29
Q

General motor cortex damage - destruction in internal capsule

A

Contralateral hemiplegia initially flaccid, later spastic

Most marked in distal muscles

30
Q

General lesion in primary motor area

A

Muscle paresis spasticity and difficulties w/ multi-joint movements on same side of face and contralateral side of body

31
Q

General lesion premotor area

A

Similar in presentation to primary

  • involves more proximal weakness (hip, shoulder)
  • motor planning skills affected
  • bilateral activities affected
32
Q

General lesion - supplementary motor cortex

A

Bilateral arm and hand movements
Most apparent not during visually guided movements but during movements based on patterns or sequences
-akinesis: loss of planning for movement control

33
Q

General lesion - primary somatosensory area

A

Contralateral sensory loss
Stereognosis
Limb position sense can be affected- sensory ataxia during attempted limb movements

34
Q

How to be most affective w/ pts w/ deficits (motor control)

A
  • Most interesting things to CNS- new and novel
  • Produce stimulus significant to pt that relates to their CNS at moment in time to allow for integration
  • Individual differences: some repsond to cognitive, some sensory
35
Q

Motor control theory: Reflex theory

A
  • Reflexes are building blocks of complex behavior,

- complex behavior: combined action of individual reflexes chained together

36
Q

Motor control theory: Reflex theory limitations

A

Reflexes must be generated by outside agent
Doesn’t explain spontaneous and voluntary movement, movement that occurs in absence of sensory stim, fast or novel movements

37
Q

Motor control theory: hierarchical theory

A
  • Defined organization in top down matter

- successively higher centers of NS exert control over level below it

38
Q

Motor control theory: hierarchical theory limitations

A

Doesn’t explain certain behaviors such as stepping on a nail causing pain which results in immediately flexor withdrawal - ie bottom up control

39
Q

Motor programming theories

A
  • Based on physiologists of action (not reactions)
  • central motor program that can be activated by sensory stim or central process
  • research w/ cats
  • defines central pattern generator
40
Q

Motor programming theories: systems theory

A

Looked at whole body as mechanical system:
Subject to mechanical forces such as gravity and inertial forces
-showed same central command can result in quite different movements because of interplay b/n external forces and variations in initial conditions of task

41
Q

Motor programming theories: dynamic systems

A
  • self organization where system of individual parts comes together and its individual elements behave collectively in an ordered way
  • no need for higher center to issue instructions
  • movements that are stable are less likely to change vs movements that are unstable
42
Q

Motor control theories: dynamic systems - change occurs

A

based on change in one of the systems, control parameter: variable that controls behavior of entire system

43
Q

Motor control theories: ecological theory

A

Most effective way for our motor systems to interact w/ environment in order to perform a goal directed behavior

  • how enviro info used to guide movements
  • *action requires perceptual info to produce goal directed task in a specific enviro
44
Q

Which motor control theory is best?

A

Combo of all theory - no one theory explains all movements

-evolution of systems approach which is interaction of individual, task, enviro

45
Q

Neurofacilatory approaches

A

50s-60s - tx the movement dysfunction of CNS lesion by attempting to affect CNS by manipulation of sensory input

46
Q

Neurofacilatory approach types

A 
NDT
PFN
Brunnstrom
SI
DNS
47
Q

Old assumptions about neurofacilitation

A

-top down model of control emergence of behaviors organized w/ sequentially higher levels of NS
-driven by sensory input
-cortical lesions —> release of abnormal reflex—> constrained individuals ability to move
Abnormal movement direct result of lesion

48
Q

Old assumptions about neurofacilitation - recovery

A

recovery requires higher centers to gain control of lower centers - should occur in same developmental sequence

  • functional skills will return once abnormal movement is inhibited
  • repetition of normal movement will automatically transfer to functional task
49
Q

Rehab and motor control today

A

Abnormal movement is individuals best solution to solving a problem given current state of NS and surrounding peripheral structures

  • not just a result of lesion itself
  • emphasis on training normal movement patterns
  • decreased time spend on inhibiting abnormal patterns
  • consider motor learning principles

NeuroRehab (33 decks)

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