Augmented Feedback

Question 1

Types of long term memory

Answer 1

Declarative (explicit learning)

Nondeclarative (implicit learning)

Question 2

Declarative learning

Answer 2

Facts
Events,
Medial temporal lobe, sensory association cortex, hippocampus

Question 3

Nondeclarative learning - nonassociative

Answer 3

Habituation, sensitization

Reflex pathway

Question 4

Nondeclarative learning - associative

Answer 4

Classical and operant conditioning

Amygdala (emotion), cerebellum, deep cerebellar nuclei, skeletal muscles

Question 5

Nondeclarative learning- procedural

Answer 5

Skills and habits

Striatum and other motor areas

Question 6

Stages of learning

Answer 6

1. Cognitive
2. Associative
3. Autonomous

Question 7

Movement - problem of context

Answer 7

Movement must be matched to specific conditions in enviro

Solution - sensory input used to guide movement
Feed forward
Feedback

Question 8

Feedforward open loop control

Answer 8

Open loop control
Sensory input used to guide movement but not about movement itself
Usually exteroceptive planned in advanced
Used to guide movement while its ongoing
Does not generate corrections, updates the commands to muscles

Question 9

Feedforward

Answer 9

Faster, requires accurate knowledge in adv.
Need accurate info about enviro
Must be able to anticipate/predict disturbances
Depends on past experiences
Develop accurate models through adaptive feedback

Question 10

Closed loop control

Answer 10

Feedback
Sensory input provides info about movement, and consequences of movement
Correct errors
Always involves some error correcting mechanism, implies a comparator

Question 11

Feedback

Answer 11

Slower but accurate
Processing of info takes time
Most effective when corrections are small
Skill acquisition is the shift from reliance on feedback to greater use of feedforward. Learn to predict disturbances in advance

Question 12

Motor learning

Answer 12

Process of acquiring the capability for producing skilled activities
Occurs as direct result of practice
Cannot be observed. Infer by changes observed
Learning is assumed to produce a relatively permanent change in ability for skilled behavior

Question 13

Neural plasticity

Answer 13

Neural modifiability.
- continuum from short term changes to long term changes seen as the ability to produce skilled actions through increased synaptic efficiency which eventually leads to structural changes —> underpinning of long term behavior mod

Question 14

Learning vs performance

Answer 14

Learning is permanent changes, not due to changes in performance

Learning
• Affects performance after the variable removed , Influences performance in a relatively permanent way
Performance
• Variables that have immediate effects on performance, not permanent

Question 15

Deliberate practice

Answer 15

Activities that have been specifically designed to improve the current level of performance

Question 16

Cognitive process

Answer 16

Attention is critical to learning

If they are not attending, they are not learning

Question 17

Goal setting

Answer 17

Motivation
Needs to be specific and difficult
Pick words wisely - people will do what you tell them to do

Question 18

Blocked practice

Answer 18

Previously constructed plan available in working memory

Do it over and over and over again

Question 19

Serial practice

Answer 19

Regularly sequenced activities

Question 20

Random practice

Answer 20

Previously constructed plan must be abandoned
Processing facilitates learning
BEST
Variability of practice - does better

Question 21

Varied practice schedule

Answer 21

More beneficial when task parameters change
Forcing learner to actively develop problem solving strategies independent of guidance provided by feedback is beneficial for learning

Question 22

Investment principle

Answer 22

Its beneficial to slow pts down and make them go back a little (ie force use of uninvolved hand)

Takes time and slows people down so a lot don’t like it

Invest the time now for better carryover and benefits later

Question 23

Other types of practice

Answer 23

Mental
Part task vs whole task
Guidance

Question 24

Guidance vs KP

Answer 24

Kp = knowledge of performance

Guidance all the way through the task does the best, but over time did worse w retest

Terminal kp did worse at task but did best in retest

Let patients make mistakes

Question 25

Intrinsic feedback

Answer 25

Kinesthetic
Visual
Cutaneous
Vestibular
Auditory feedback

Question 26

Extrinsic (augmented) feedback

Answer 26

External sources that are supplemental to intrinsic feedback

• verbal or nonverbal
• can be given concurrently, immediately after, or delayed

Question 27

Visual feedback

Answer 27

Increased neural firing in the sensory specific areas w/in the brain w/ functional MRI
NOT seen w/ auditory feedback

Question 28

Best feedback

Answer 28

Show don’t tell
Anything better than nothing
Less is more
Delayed is better
Random is better

Question 29

Bandwidth

Answer 29

Wide is better, give them time to make mistakes and correct

Question 30

Augmented feedback summary

Answer 30

• in early stages of learning, any feedback is beneficial
• feedback given less often is more beneficial
• delayed feedback is more beneficial than immediate
• feedback given randomly is more beneficial than given on a regular schedule
• wide bandwidth is more beneficial than narrow