Gait - Normal

Question 1

Stance - percent of cycle

Answer 1

62

Entire limb is in contact w/ ground

Question 2

Swing -percent of cycle

Answer 2

38

Period of time foot is off ground

Question 3

Initial contact - general

Answer 3

Instant foot contacts ground

Functional test - weight acceptance

Question 4

Initial contact rom

Answer 4

Hip 20 flex
Pelvis 5 forward rotation
Knee 5 flex
Ankle 0

Question 5

Initial contact muscle

Answer 5

Hip ext
Knee quads - active in prep for LR
Ankle pretib muscles - maintain foot position in prep for LR

Question 6

Loading repsonse

Answer 6

0-12% cycle
Double limb support
Functional: weight acceptance

Question 7

Loading response rom

Answer 7

Hip: 20° flexion
•Pelvis 5° fwd rotation –
Knee: 15° flexion –
Ankle: 5° PF

Question 8

Loading repsonse - muscle hip

Answer 8

Hip: Extensors and Abductors
• Peak activity of TFL, glut med, glut min and glut max—stabilizing the pelvis in the frontal plane
Frontal plane stability is BIG in LR
At the hip there is both a flexion and adduction
torque that is counteracted

Question 9

Loading repsonse muscle knee and ankle

Answer 9

Knee: Eccentric quadriceps (peak activity)
– Ankle: Pretibial muscles act eccentrically
(anterior tib peaks)
• Heel rocker: Pretibial muscles pull the tibia
forward, creating momentum and initiating knee flexion

Question 10

Midstance - general

Answer 10

12-31% gait cycle
Progress over single, stable limb

FT: single limb support

Question 11

Midstance ROM

Answer 11

Hip neutral
Pelvis rotates back to neutral
Knee 5 flex
Ankle 5DF

Question 12

Midstance muscle hip

Answer 12

Hip: no saggital (ext torque)

Frontal hip abductors

Question 13

Midstance muscle knee

Answer 13

Quads initially until extension torque begins

Question 14

Midstance muscle ankle

Answer 14

Soleus and gastroc actively control forward progression of tibia
Ankle rocker

Question 15

Terminal stance general

Answer 15

31-50% gait cycle
Continued progression over single limb, weight transferred to forefoot as heel lifts

FT single limb support

Question 16

Terminal stance ROM

Answer 16

Hip: 20° apparent hyperextension
Pelvis: ant tilt, 5° back rot – 
Knee: 5° flex—unchanged from MSt – 
Ankle:10° DF
• MTP joints extend to 30°

Question 17

Terminal stance muscle

Answer 17

Hip: No activity (hip extension torque
continues to keep the joint stable) – Knee: No activity -Calf muscles continue to restrain the tibia, thereby
stabilizing the knee.

Ankle: Calf muscles peak to prevent forward tibial collapse and to allow the heel to rise
• Forefoot rocker: contributes to
contralateral step length

Question 18

Pre-swing general

Answer 18

50-62% gait cycle
Second period of double limb support
FT: functional limb advance-

Question 19

Pre-swing ROM

Answer 19

Hip: 10° hyperextension
Pelvis: 5° back rot –Knee: Rapid flex 40°
Ankle: 15° PF
MTP ext to 60°

Question 20

Pre-swing muscle

Answer 20

Hip: Adductors flex femur
Knee: No significant activity—knee flexion is passive –
Ankle: Calf muscles cease early in PSw
• Residual PF activity and passive tension contribute to the ankle moving into PF

Question 21

Initial swing general

Answer 21

62-75% gait cycle
Thought advances as foot lifts
FT: swing limb advancement

Question 22

Initial swing ROM

Answer 22

Hip: 15° flex
Pelvis: 5° back rotation –
Knee: 60° flex –
Ankle: 5° PF

Question 23

Initial swing muscle

Answer 23

Hip: Hip flexors peak in activity as they
progress the limb –
Knee: Knee flexors are active and knee
flexion is aided by the flexion at the hip –
Ankle: Pre-tibial muscles initiate DF

Question 24

Midswing

Answer 24

Foot clears ground by 1 cm
Tibia moves to vertical
FT: swing limb advancement

Question 25

Midswing ROM

Answer 25

Hip: 25° flex
Pelvis: neutral rotation –
Knee: 25° –
Ankle: neutral

Question 26

Midswing muscle

Answer 26

Hip: Flexors continue from ISw initially, then hamstrings become active late in the phase –
Knee: Flexors—help control the rate of knee
extension (which is occurring due to
momentum) –
Ankle: Pre-tibials

Question 27

Terminal swing

Answer 27

87-100% gait cycle
Knee ext, limb prepares for contact
FT swing limb advancement

Question 28

Terminal swing ROM

Answer 28

Hip: 20° flexion
• Pelvis: 5° fwd rotation –
Knee: 5° flexion (neutral) –
Ankle: remains at neutral

Question 29

Terminal swing muscle

Answer 29

Hip: Hamstrings-peak activity to decelerate the leg –
Knee: Quadriceps-concentric knee extension –Ankle: Pre-tibials are active to assure a heel
contact for IC

Question 30

Weight acceptance accomplishment

Answer 30

*Forward progression
Stability
*Shock absorption

Question 31

Weight acceptance critical events

Answer 31

IC: heel first contact
LR: hip stability, *controlled knee flexion, ankle PF

Question 32

Single limb support accomplishments

Answer 32

Stability

*Forward progression

Question 33

Single limb support critical events

Answer 33

MSt: *controlled tibial advancement
TSt: *controlled ankle DF w/ heel rise;trailing limb

Question 34

Swing limb advancement accomplishments

Answer 34

Foot clearance

*Limb advancement

Question 35

Swing limb advancement critical events

Answer 35

PSw: *passive knee flex to 40, Ankle PF
ISw: hip flex 15, *knee flex 60
MSw: further hip flexion to 25, *ankle DF to 0
TSw: knee extension to 5

Question 36

“Normal” gait velocity

Answer 36

80m/min

Question 37

Ambulation velocity in stroke pop.

Answer 37

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