More Plants Flashcards
first root and organ to emerge
primary root
develops from the primary root and is main anchor
taproot
thick mat of slender roots spreading out below the soil surface
fibrous root system
adj for plant organ that grows in an unusual location ex the fibrous roots growing from stems
Adventitious
roots like stilts propping up tall plants
prop roots
extensions of root epidermal cells, emerging from tips of lateral roots and increase the surface area for absorption
root hairs
air roots
Pneumatophores
Aerial roots that look like buttresses cause rainforest tree roots are shallow
buttress roots
where leaves attach to stem
nodes
between where leaves attach to stem
internodes
growing shoot tip
apical bud
lateral branch or, in some cases, a thorn or flower
axillary bud
horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface - vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds on this
rhizomes
horizontal shoots that grow along the surface; “runners”, enable asexual reproduction
stolons
enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food
tubers
stalk to leaf
Petiole
sugars and carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis
Photosynthates
Three tissue types in plants
dermal, vascular, ground
hairlike outgrowths on dermal tissue
trichomes
dermal tissue in nonwoody plants
epidermis
dermal tissue in woody plants
periderm
collective vascular tissue of stem and root
stele
ground tissue internal to vascular tissue
Pith
ground tissue external to vascular tissue
cortex
lignin mass percent in dry wood
25%
cell type doing most of the metabolic functions of the plant, synthesizing and storing various organic products
parenchyma
cells with primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible, and most lack secondary walls; totipotent
parenchyma
elongated cells that help support young parts of the plant shoot
collenchyma
supporting elements in the plant but are much more rigid than collenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma
Thick lignified secondary wall; Mature cells can’t elongate and are in regions of the plant that aren’t growing; Many are dead at functional maturity
Sclerenchyma
living part of the cell
protoplast
cell that gives hardness to nutshells and seed coats and the gritty texture to pear fruits
Sclereids
sclerenchyma that is usually grouped in strands; long, slender, and tapered
Fibers
phloem cells in gymnosperms
sieve cells
phloem cells in angiosperms
sieve tube elements
growth throughout life
indeterminate growth
growth that stops after reaching a certain size
determinate growth
totipotent tissues in plants
meristem
root and shoot tips
apical meristems
growth in length
primary growth
apical meristem becomes this
primary meristem
Primitive dermal tissue in primary meristem
protoderm
Primitive ground tissue in primary meristem
ground meristem
Primitive vascular tissue in primary meristem
procambium
lateral meristems
vascular cambium and cork cambium
growth in thickness
secondary growth
lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem(wood) and phloem
vascular cambium
lateral meristem that replaces the epidermis periderm
cork cambium
protects apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil
root cap
innermost layer of the cortex of roots
endodermis
cell layer that surrounds the vascular cylinder
pericycle
xylem and phloem in roots
vascular cylinder
root has core of undifferentiated parenchyma cells surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem tissues
monocots
root has cross section star of xylem with phloem in indentations
eudicots
closer an axillary bud is to an active apical bud, the more inhibited it is
apical dominance
units of vascular tissue in eudicots
vascular bundles
one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf
palisade mesophyll
below palisade mesophyll; more loosely arranged; labyrinth of air spaces for CO2 and O2
spongey mesophyll
regulates the movement of substances between the vascular tissue and the mesophyll
bundle sheath cells
radial files of mostly parenchyma cells that connect the secondary xylem and phloem
vascular rays
minerals in water solution transported by xylem
xylem sap
interiormost xylem that no longer transports xylem sap
heartwood
exteriormost xylem that continues to transport xylem sap
sapwood
both layers of secondary phloem and periderm
bark
Cork cells deposit this in their walls before dying
suberin
small, raised areas dotting periderm
Has more space between cork cells -> gas exchange
lenticels
ability to alter form in response to local environmental conditions
developmental plasticity
Microtubules become concentrated into this ring
Preprophase band
arrangement of leaves on a stem
Phyllotaxy
angle of alternate phyllotaxy
137.5°
ratio of total upper leaf surface of a single plant or an entire crop divided by the surface area of the land on which the plant or crop grows
Leaf area index
everything external to the plasma membranes of living cells
apoplast
entire mass of cytosol of all the living cells in a plant, plasmodesmata, etc…
symplast
Solute potential
-iCRT
Pressure potential
pressure
cell shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall
plasmolyzed
movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient
bulk flow
exudation of water droplets that can be seen in the morning on the tips or edges of some plant leaves
guttation
xylem mechanism
cohesion-tension hypothesis
belt made of suberin
casparian strip
Plants adapted to arid environments
xerophytes
In oleander, stomata are recessed in these cavities
crypts
transport of the products of photosynthesis by phloem
translocation
sensitive plant species
Mimosa pudica
venus flytrap species
Dionaea muscipula
