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More Plants Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

first root and organ to emerge

A

primary root

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2
Q

develops from the primary root and is main anchor

A

taproot

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3
Q

thick mat of slender roots spreading out below the soil surface

A

fibrous root system

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4
Q

adj for plant organ that grows in an unusual location ex the fibrous roots growing from stems

A

Adventitious

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5
Q

roots like stilts propping up tall plants

A

prop roots

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6
Q

extensions of root epidermal cells, emerging from tips of lateral roots and increase the surface area for absorption

A

root hairs

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7
Q

air roots

A

Pneumatophores

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8
Q

Aerial roots that look like buttresses cause rainforest tree roots are shallow

A

buttress roots

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9
Q

where leaves attach to stem

A

nodes

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10
Q

between where leaves attach to stem

A

internodes

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11
Q

growing shoot tip

A

apical bud

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12
Q

lateral branch or, in some cases, a thorn or flower

A

axillary bud

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13
Q

horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface - vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds on this

A

rhizomes

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14
Q

horizontal shoots that grow along the surface; “runners”, enable asexual reproduction

A

stolons

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15
Q

enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food

A

tubers

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16
Q

stalk to leaf

A

Petiole

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17
Q

sugars and carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis

A

Photosynthates

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18
Q

Three tissue types in plants

A

dermal, vascular, ground

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19
Q

hairlike outgrowths on dermal tissue

A

trichomes

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20
Q

dermal tissue in nonwoody plants

A

epidermis

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21
Q

dermal tissue in woody plants

A

periderm

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22
Q

collective vascular tissue of stem and root

A

stele

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23
Q

ground tissue internal to vascular tissue

A

Pith

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24
Q

ground tissue external to vascular tissue

A

cortex

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25
Q

lignin mass percent in dry wood

A

25%

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26
Q

cell type doing most of the metabolic functions of the plant, synthesizing and storing various organic products

A

parenchyma

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27
Q

cells with primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible, and most lack secondary walls; totipotent

A

parenchyma

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28
Q

elongated cells that help support young parts of the plant shoot

A

collenchyma

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29
Q

supporting elements in the plant but are much more rigid than collenchyma cells

A

Sclerenchyma

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30
Q

Thick lignified secondary wall; Mature cells can’t elongate and are in regions of the plant that aren’t growing; Many are dead at functional maturity

A

Sclerenchyma

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31
Q

living part of the cell

A

protoplast

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32
Q

cell that gives hardness to nutshells and seed coats and the gritty texture to pear fruits

A

Sclereids

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33
Q

sclerenchyma that is usually grouped in strands; long, slender, and tapered

A

Fibers

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34
Q

phloem cells in gymnosperms

A

sieve cells

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35
Q

phloem cells in angiosperms

A

sieve tube elements

36
Q

growth throughout life

A

indeterminate growth

37
Q

growth that stops after reaching a certain size

A

determinate growth

38
Q

totipotent tissues in plants

A

meristem

39
Q

root and shoot tips

A

apical meristems

40
Q

growth in length

A

primary growth

41
Q

apical meristem becomes this

A

primary meristem

42
Q

Primitive dermal tissue in primary meristem

A

protoderm

43
Q

Primitive ground tissue in primary meristem

A

ground meristem

44
Q

Primitive vascular tissue in primary meristem

A

procambium

45
Q

lateral meristems

A

vascular cambium and cork cambium

46
Q

growth in thickness

A

secondary growth

47
Q

lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem(wood) and phloem

A

vascular cambium

48
Q

lateral meristem that replaces the epidermis periderm

A

cork cambium

49
Q

protects apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil

A

root cap

50
Q

innermost layer of the cortex of roots

A

endodermis

51
Q

cell layer that surrounds the vascular cylinder

A

pericycle

52
Q

xylem and phloem in roots

A

vascular cylinder

53
Q

root has core of undifferentiated parenchyma cells surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem tissues

A

monocots

54
Q

root has cross section star of xylem with phloem in indentations

A

eudicots

55
Q

closer an axillary bud is to an active apical bud, the more inhibited it is

A

apical dominance

56
Q

units of vascular tissue in eudicots

A

vascular bundles

57
Q

one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf

A

palisade mesophyll

58
Q

below palisade mesophyll; more loosely arranged; labyrinth of air spaces for CO2 and O2

A

spongey mesophyll

59
Q

regulates the movement of substances between the vascular tissue and the mesophyll

A

bundle sheath cells

60
Q

radial files of mostly parenchyma cells that connect the secondary xylem and phloem

A

vascular rays

61
Q

minerals in water solution transported by xylem

A

xylem sap

62
Q

interiormost xylem that no longer transports xylem sap

A

heartwood

63
Q

exteriormost xylem that continues to transport xylem sap

A

sapwood

64
Q

both layers of secondary phloem and periderm

A

bark

65
Q

Cork cells deposit this in their walls before dying

A

suberin

66
Q

small, raised areas dotting periderm
Has more space between cork cells -> gas exchange

A

lenticels

67
Q

ability to alter form in response to local environmental conditions

A

developmental plasticity

68
Q

Microtubules become concentrated into this ring

A

Preprophase band

69
Q

arrangement of leaves on a stem

A

Phyllotaxy

70
Q

angle of alternate phyllotaxy

A

137.5°

71
Q

ratio of total upper leaf surface of a single plant or an entire crop divided by the surface area of the land on which the plant or crop grows

A

Leaf area index

72
Q

everything external to the plasma membranes of living cells

A

apoplast

73
Q

entire mass of cytosol of all the living cells in a plant, plasmodesmata, etc…

A

symplast

74
Q

Solute potential

A

-iCRT

75
Q

Pressure potential

A

pressure

76
Q

cell shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall

A

plasmolyzed

77
Q

movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient

A

bulk flow

78
Q

exudation of water droplets that can be seen in the morning on the tips or edges of some plant leaves

A

guttation

79
Q

xylem mechanism

A

cohesion-tension hypothesis

80
Q

belt made of suberin

A

casparian strip

81
Q

Plants adapted to arid environments

A

xerophytes

82
Q

In oleander, stomata are recessed in these cavities

A

crypts

83
Q

transport of the products of photosynthesis by phloem

A

translocation

84
Q

sensitive plant species

A

Mimosa pudica

85
Q

venus flytrap species

A

Dionaea muscipula

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