Even More Plants Flashcards
micronutrient needed for regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate in C4 and CAM pathways
sodium
yellowing of leaves
chlorosis
causes chlorosis in older leaves between veins
magnesium deficiency
causes chlorosis at tips of older leaves
nitrogen deficiency
causes mottling of older leaves with drying of leaf edges; weak stems; and poorly developed roots
potassium deficiency
causes crinkling of young leaves and death of terminal buds
calcium deficiency
causes slow development, thin stems, purpling of veins, poor flowering and fruiting
phosphorus deficiency
causes chlorosis in young leaves
sulfur deficiency
mycorrhizae that form a dense sheath, or mantle, of mycelia over the surface of the root; form a network in the apoplast
Ectomycorrhizae
mycorrhizae that push in the plasma membrane and branch
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
soil closely surrounding plant roots
rhizosphere
enzyme that drives nitrogen fixation in rhizobacteria
nitrogenase
plant cells “infected” by Rhizobium bacteria
nodules
form within vesicles that rhizobium takes
bacteroids
iron containing protein that binds reversibly to oxygen in nodules, keeping them anaerobic
leghemoglobin
part of the stem where floral organs attach
receptacle
“flowers” that are clusters of smaller flowers
Inflorescences
ultraviolet markings on flowers for bees
nectar guides
joint evolution of two interacting species
coevolution
epicotyl, young leaves, and shoot apical meristem
plumule
region of an embryo or seedling stem above the cotyledon
epicotyl
part of the stem of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves or cotyledons and directly above the root
hypocotyl
single cotyledon in monocots
scutellum
sheaths the rudimentary seed shoot in monocots
coleoptile
sheaths the rudimentary seed root in monocots
coleorhiza
uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed
imbibition
rudimentary seed root
radicle
fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels
simple fruit
fruit derived from single flower with more than one separate carpel, each forming a small fruit
aggregate fruit
fruit formed from an inflorescence
multiple fruit
fruit not developed from ovary; like a receptacle instead
accessory fruit
asexual production of seeds
apomixis
mass of dividing, undifferentiated totipotent cells at wounded end of plant cutting
callus
Some plants usually self-fertilize
“selfing”
flowers that lack stamens
carpellate
flowers that lack carpels
staminate
ability of a plant to reject its own pollen and the pollen of closely related individuals
self-incompatibility
severed shoot from one plant is permanently joined to the truncated stem of another
grafting
twig grafted onto the stock in grafting
scion
supplemented with transgenes that enable it to produce grain with increased levels of betacarotene, a precursor of vitamin A
“Golden rice”
Bt maize transgenes
Bacillus thuringiensis
highly resistant to degradation; produced by a fungus (Fusarium) that infects insect-damaged maize
Fumonisin
cellulose and hemicellulose turned into alcohol
biofuels
growth of morphological adaptations for growing in darkness in plants grown in darkness
etiolation
receptor group involved in de-etiolation
phytochrome
1st molecule in transduction pathway of de-etiolation
Ca2+
2nd molecule in transduction pathway of de-etiolation
guanylyl cyclase
3rd molecule in transduction pathway of de-etiolation
cyclic GMP
fertilization is blocked by recognition of S in 2n tissue around spore
sporophytic self-incompatibility
fertilization is blocked by recognition of S allele in spore genome
gametophytic self-incompatibility
an organism that has been engineered to contain DNA from another organism of the same or a different species
transgenic animal
mutant of tomato with reduced levels of phytochrome and greens less than wild-type tomatoes when exposed to light
aurea
produced in shoot apical meristem, leaves, and a little in shoot apical meristem
auxin
produced in root and shoot apical meristem
produced in roots
cytokinins
meristems of apical buds and roots, young leaves, and developing seeds are primary sites of production
gibberellins
derived from linolenic acid
Brassinosteroids
produced in roots in response to low phosphate conditions or high auxin flow from the shoot
strigolactones
stimulates stem elongation, the formation of lateral and adventitious roots, regulated development of fruit, enhances apical dominance, functions in phototropism and gravitropism, promotes vascular differentiation, retards leaf abscission
auxin
promote lateral bud growth and movement of nutrients into seed tissues, delays leaf senescence
cytokinins
stimulate cell elongation and cell division as well as germination and fruit growth
gibberellin
inhibits growth, promotes dormancy
Abscisic acid
promote cell expansion and cell division in shoots, root growth at low concentrations, inhibit root growth at high concentrations, promote xylem differentiation and inhibit phloem differentiation, promote seed germination and pollen tube elongation
Brassinosteroids
Produced in response to herbivory and pathogen invasion along with regulating fruit ripening, floral development, pollen production, tendril coiling, root growth, seed germination, and nectar secretion
Jasmonates
Promote seed germination, control of apical dominance, and the attraction of mycorrhizal fungi to the root
Strigolactones
major natural auxin
Indoleacetic acid
proton pumps play a major role in the growth response of cells to auxin
acid growth hypothesis
synthesis triggered by polar flow of auxin down the shoot; directly repress lateral bud growth
strigolactones
cytokinins are a derivative of what nucleic acid
adenine
most common natural cytokinin
zeatin
disease causes seedlings to grow too fast and fall over
“foolish seedling disease.”
causes “foolish seedling disease.”
Gibberella fungus
rapid growth of the floral stalk
bolting
When plant root encounters and obstacle
triple response
genes that are continually expressed in all cells
constitutive genes
programmed death of certain cells or organs or the entire plant
senescence
produces fragrance of jasmine flowers
methyl jasmonate
Any growth response that results in plant organs curving toward or away from stimuli
Tropism
layer that surrounds the endosperm in seeds
alerone
Blue-light photoreceptors
Cryptochromes
Phototropin
protein kinase involved in mediating blue-light-mediated stomatal opening, chloroplast movements in response to light, and phototropic curvatures
photoreceptors absorb mostly red light
Phytochromes
trees in shade grow faster
Shade avoidance
hypothetical signaling molecule for flowering
Florigen
gene activated in leaf cells during conditions favoring flowering
FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)
pretreatment with cold for several weeks to induce flowering
Vernalization
second defense against Pathogens
PAMP-Triggered Immunity
recognition receptors in PAMP-Triggered Immunity
Toll like receptors
antimicrobial chemicals produced in PAMP-Triggered Immunity
phytoalexins
pathogen-encoded proteins that block PAMP triggered immunity
effectors
third defense against Pathogens
Effector Triggered Immunity
local effector triggered immunity
Hypersensitive response
plant wide effector triggered immunity
Systemic acquired resistance
produced at the infection site in Systemic acquired resistance
methylsalicylic acid
produced at the infection site in Systemic acquired resistance
methylsalicylic acid
produced at the infection site in Systemic acquired resistance
methylsalicylic acid
produced at the infection site in Systemic acquired resistance
methylsalicylic acid
produced at the infection site in Systemic acquired resistance
methylsalicylic acid
produced at the infection site in Systemic acquired resistance
methylsalicylic acid
produced at the infection site in Systemic acquired resistance
methylsalicylic acid
local cell and tissue death near the infection site is what type of resistance
hypersensitive response
mimic insect hormones and cause insects to molt prematurely and die
terpenoids
mimic insect hormones and cause insects to molt prematurely and die
terpenoids
mimic insect hormones and cause insects to molt prematurely and die
terpenoids
have an unpleasant taste and hinder the digestion of proteins
phenolics
store chemicals
lactifers
store chemicals
lactifers
store chemicals
lactifers
store chemicals
lactifers
store chemicals
lactifers
contain raphides(needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate); penetrate tissues so irritant, ex proteases, can enter and cause swelling of the lips, mouth, and throat.
idioblasts
population synchronously produces a massive amount of seeds after a long interval
masting