Molecular Medicine Flashcards
What is KRAS?
oncogene
The major KRAS mutation is in the following codons in colorectal cancer, leukemias, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer except
Codon 99
Number of Genetic Markers for Genetic Studies:
- Genome-wide Linkage Studies
- Genome-wide Association Studies
- Exome Sequencing Studies
- Gene-based Studies
- Whole Genome Sequencing Studies:
Genome-wide Linkage Studies
300-400 Microsatellite Markers
Genome-wide Association Studies
100,000-2,500,000 SNPs
Exome Sequencing Studies
30,000,000 Base pairs
Gene-based Studies
23,500 Genes
Whole Genome Sequencing Studies
3,200,000,000 Base pairs
Tumor growth
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/353/253/212/q_image_thumb.jpg?1628779500)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/353/253/212/a_image_thumb.png?1628779524)
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is related to
Breast cancer
Dark Genome
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/353/254/139/q_image_thumb.jpg?1628780949)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/353/254/139/a_image_thumb.png?1628780974)
- 11% of cancer-related deaths
- Tumor progression may take 10-35 years
- Adenomatous polyp develops into carcinoma
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/353/254/237/q_image_thumb.jpg?1628781153)
Colorectal Cancer
CMS1:
CMS2:
CMS3
CMS4
- CMS1 is enriched for MSI tumors that display immune activation.
- CMS2 reflects the classical subtype encompassing typical WNT/MYC-driven
tumors with epithelial characteristics,
•CMS3 is enriched for KRAS-mutated tumors with activation of
metabolic pathways.
- CMS4 has mesenchymal features, shows a high stromal content and activation of TGF-β and VEGFR pathways.
- Besides the biological differences, clear clinical distinctions are evident with poor prognosis for CMS4 and a relatively good prognosis for CMS1.
The implications of these findings are still limited from a clinical perspective.