Molecular Medicine

Question 1

What is KRAS?

Answer 1

oncogene

Question 2

The major KRAS mutation is in the following codons in colorectal cancer, leukemias, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer except

Answer 2

Codon 99

Question 3

Number of Genetic Markers for Genetic Studies:

• Genome-wide Linkage Studies
• Genome-wide Association Studies
• Exome Sequencing Studies
• Gene-based Studies
• Whole Genome Sequencing Studies:

Answer 3

Genome-wide Linkage Studies

300-400 Microsatellite Markers

Genome-wide Association Studies

100,000-2,500,000 SNPs

Exome Sequencing Studies

30,000,000 Base pairs

Gene-based Studies

23,500 Genes

Whole Genome Sequencing Studies

3,200,000,000 Base pairs

Question 4

Tumor growth

Answer 4

Question 5

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is related to

Answer 5

Breast cancer

Question 6

Dark Genome

Answer 6

Question 7

• 11% of cancer-related deaths
• Tumor progression may take 10-35 years
• Adenomatous polyp develops into carcinoma

Answer 7

Colorectal Cancer

Question 8

CMS1:

CMS2:

CMS3

CMS4

Answer 8

• CMS1 is enriched for MSI tumors that display immune activation.
• CMS2 reflects the classical subtype encompassing typical WNT/MYC-driven

tumors with epithelial characteristics,

•CMS3 is enriched for KRAS-mutated tumors with activation of

metabolic pathways.

• CMS4 has mesenchymal features, shows a high stromal content and activation of TGF-β and VEGFR pathways.
• Besides the biological differences, clear clinical distinctions are evident with poor prognosis for CMS4 and a relatively good prognosis for CMS1.

The implications of these findings are still limited from a clinical perspective.