Hemoglobin

Question 1

Hemoglobinopathies

Answer 1

Sickle Cell Disease, Thalassemia, Methemoglobinemias

Question 2

Total Blood Volume in human body

Answer 2

5 Liters

Question 3

Flow of oxygen in the body

Answer 3

O2 - Bronchi - Lungs - Hb - (Mb) - Mitochondria - H2O

Question 4

Causes of Hypoxia:

Answer 4

Pre-pulmonary (bronchitis) Post-pulmonary (CO, anemia)

Question 5

Total oxygen content =

Answer 5

O2 on Hb (SaO2) + dissolved O2(PO2)

Question 6

The normal lifetime of a RBC is

Answer 6

120 days

Question 7

Hemoglobin hues:

Answer 7

Red - Healthy and robust
Pale - Anemic (e.g., neonatal, aplastic, hemolytic)
Blue - Hypoxemia - Cyanosis
Yellow - Jaundiced (Bilirubin increased)
Cherry Red - CO poisoning
Brown/blue - Methemoglobinemia (Chocolate cyanosis)

Question 8

Reguired for oxygen binding

Answer 8

Both globin and heme

Question 9

Apoprotein

Answer 9

Globin alone

Question 10

Holoprotein

Answer 10

Heme (prosthetic group-tightly bound organic molecule) + the globin chain.

Question 11

“OXY Hb” (Fe2+)

Answer 11

Arterial form

Question 12

Deoxy Hb (Fe2+)

Answer 12

Venous form

Question 13

Heme/Hb synthesis

Answer 13

occurs in differentiating bone marrow cells

Question 14

Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF):

Answer 14

Erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, energy metabolism, glycolysis, cell survival

Question 15

Heme/Hb Degradation

Answer 15

Aged RBC - Taken up by Spleen, Phagocytes (RES System) - Bilirubin Diglucouronide (Antioxidant) - Excretion in bile

Question 16

Heme composed of

Answer 16

protoporphyrin IX ring and Fe++ ion

Question 17

Fe++ ion coordinated by

Answer 17

4 nitrogen atoms of ring, a proximal histidine residue and an O2 molecule (in oxy-hemoglobin); 6th position empty in deoxy Hb

Question 18

Distal ______ H-bonds to the bound O2

Answer 18

histidine

Question 19

Diminished production of alpha or beta chains. Leads to unstable forms of Hb that are not fully functional ( no cooperativity or allosterism) and have low solubility

Answer 19

Thalassemias

Question 20

O2 binding changes position of

Answer 20

Fe++ atom

Question 21

Hemoglobin binds O2 _______

Answer 21

cooperatively

Question 22

What does 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate do?

Answer 22

enhances the efficiency of oxygen delivery