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M1 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

one of the basic tissues which gives structural and metabolic support to organs and other tissues of the body

A

Connective Tissue

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2
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue:

A
  • Support: Structural & Mechanical
  • Packing: Fills spaces, Shape to organs
  • Storage: Adipose tissue: energy
    • Loose areolar CT: water & electrolytes
  • Transport: Medium for nutrients & metabolic wastes
  • Repair: Fibroblasts: matrix and fibres
  • Defense: Cells: phagocytosis or antibodies
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3
Q

Connective tissues develop from the ______

A

mesoderm

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4
Q

All connective tissues apart from blood and lymph consists of 3 components:

A
  • Fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers)
  • Ground substance
  • Cells
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5
Q

Connective tissues can be broadly subdivided into:

A
  • Connective tissue proper
    • Loose connective tissue
    • Dense connective tissue
      • Dense regular
      • Dense irregular
  • Special connective tissue
    • Reticular connective tissue
    • Adipose tissue
    • Cartilage
    • Bone
    • Blood
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6
Q

Fixed cells (intrinsic cells):

A
  1. Fibroblast & Fibrocytes
  2. Mesenchymal cells
  3. Adipocyte
  4. Fixed macrophages
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7
Q

Free cells (extrinsic cells/wandering cells)

A
  1. Free Macrophage
  2. Mast cell
  3. Plasma cells
  4. Leucocytes
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8
Q

Types of fibers:

A
  • Collagenous fiber- bind bones and other tissues to each other
    • Alpha polypeptide chains located in tendon, ligament, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc.
  • Elastic fibers (also made by smooth muscle)- allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil
    • elastic microfibril and elastin located in the extracellular matrix.
  • Reticular fibers- form a scaffolding for other cells
    • type III collagen located in the liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs
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9
Q

Types of Collagen:

A
  • Type I Collagen: Most abundant (eg., in tendons, ligaments, bone, etc.) - Type 1 - bONE
  • Type II Collagen: Cartilage - Type 2 - carTWOlage
  • Type III Collagen: Reticular Fibers -
  • Type IV Collagen: Basal Laminae - Type four - floor
  • Type VII Collagen: Anchoring Fibrils in Skin - Type 7 (fibrils) has 7 letters
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10
Q

Collagen synthesis takes place in

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

A glycoprotein essential for the formation of elastic fibers

Secreted into the extracellular matrix by fibroblasts and becomes incorporated into the insoluble microfibrils to provides a scaffold for the deposition of elastic

A

fibrillin

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12
Q

Main component of ground substance (substance between cells and fibers)

A

proteoglycans function to hold water

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13
Q

Influences the timing of puberty and regulates the hypothalamic control of feeding

A

Leptin

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14
Q

can diminish effects of insulin upon muscle

A

resistin

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15
Q

Have pale, bean-shaped nuclei, abundant cytoplasm

Ig G receptors

A

macrophages

arise from blood cells called monocytes that migrate from the bloodstream

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16
Q

Secreted by Macrophages

  • can cause apoptosis of tumors
  • decreases fat deposition
  • can decrease blood pressure and cause migration of leukocytes into organs: SEPTIC SHOCK = “blood poisoning”
A

TNF

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17
Q

Production & Maintenance of Extracellular Matrix.

A

Fixed cells

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18
Q

Tissue reaction to injury or invasion of microorganisms.

A

Free cells

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19
Q

Fiberblast form 3 major types of tissue

A
  1. Loose Connective Tissue
  2. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
  3. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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20
Q

Prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase require ______ as a co-factor; deficiency causes ________

A

Vitamin C; scurvy

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21
Q

Extracellular cleavage of peptides from procollagen allows assembly of tropocollagen molecules into

A

collagen fibrils

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22
Q

Scurvy (reduced hydroxylation due to ascorbate/vitamin C deficiency) has what symptoms?

A
  • Petechiae, ecchymoses
  • Loose teeth, bleeding gums
  • Poor wound healing
  • Poor bone development
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23
Q

Cross linking of Elastin Causes

A

Elasticity

24
Q

Abnormal fibrillin causes_____. What are the symptoms?

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

  • Symptoms:
    • Unusually tall stature
    • Poor elasticity of connective tissue
    • Ruptures of blood vessels enriched in Elastin and Fibrillin
25
Q

important for the chain alignment of TE (tropoelastin) mediating the interplay with lysyl oxidase or lysyl oxidase-like enzymes

A

Fibulin-4

26
Q

White adipose tissue

A
  • contain large lipid droplet, few mitochondria
  • secretes adipose derived hormones, that regulate insulin sensitivity and satiety
  • stores excess energy as triglycerides, releases fatty acids during fasting periods
27
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A
  • contain multiple small lipid droplets, rich in mitochondria
  • densely vascularized and innervated by sympathetic nerve endingss
  • expression of uncoupling protein I
  • dissipates chemical energy (mainly from fatty acids) to generate heat
28
Q

In adipose cells free fatty acids are transport by ______ and glycerol is imported via ________.

A

Fatty acid binding protein; “aquaporins” water channels

29
Q

Leptin Decreases the firing of ______ in the ______ and diminishes ______

A

NPY+ Neurons; hypothalamus; appetite

30
Q

fat cell hormone that can improve effects of insulin upon muscle

A

adiponectin

31
Q

Function of Brown Fat

A
  • Generation of heat
    • (non-shivering thermogenesis)
  • Brown fat is located to transfer heat to specific organs, eg., brown fat is near
    • Kidneys
    • Carotid arteries leading to brain
32
Q

Allows the Flow of H+ ions in the absence of ATP Synthesis

A

The Uncoupling Protein

33
Q

Resilient and smooth elastic tissue

composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of collagenous extracellular matrix, abundant ground substance that is rich in proteoglycan and elastin fibers

Classified in three types:

A

Cartilage

Classified in three types:

  • elastic
  • hyaline
  • fibrous
34
Q

involved in the creation and mineralization of bone

A

osteoblasts

35
Q

involved in the reabsorption of bone tissue

A

osteocytes and osteoclasts

36
Q

Structure that constitutes part of the vertebral skeleton, supports and protects the various organs of the body, and is made up of dense connective tissue

A

bone

The mineralised matrix has an organic component mainly of collagen and an inorganic component of bone mineral made up of various salts

37
Q

How do Macrophages recognize antigens?

A

Opsonization of antigen with immunoglobulins

Phagocytosis of novel anigens via “scavenger receptors”

38
Q

Autoimmune reaction to snRNP’s in nucleus leads to inflammation

A

Lupus Erythematosus

39
Q

Molecules Secreted by Mast Cells

A
  • Histamine: binds to vessel histamine receptors, causes a RAPID increase in permeability; role in ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
  • Proteases: bind to vessel receptors, cause a SLOW AND PROLONGED increase in permeability
  • Proteoglycans: stabilize proteases and promote their effects
40
Q

TNF stimulates _________ - possible role in arthritis and lupus erythematosus

Drug that blocks TNF:

A

lymphocytes

(Enbrel) can reduce symptoms of arthritis and lupus

41
Q

Originate in bone marrow and has IgE receptors

A

Mast Cells

42
Q

Mast cell proteases activate receptors _______

that regulate _______ Permeability

A

PAR-2; Tight Junction

Mast cells release tryptase to do this

43
Q

Function of Fixed and Free Cells

A
  • Fixed Cells: Production & Maintenance of Extracellular Matrix
  • Free Cells: Tissue reacton to injury or invasion of microorganisms.
44
Q

Elastin Synthesis and Export

A
  1. TE is synthesized on the rough ER where it binds to the chaperone protein EBP.
  2. The EBP‐TE complex is transported through the Golgi apparatus and secreted to the cell membrane.
  3. TE is released from the chaperone and forms globules at the cell surface, while EBP dissociates as a result of interaction with glycosaminoglycans and is recycled back into the cell.
  4. Fibulin‐4 is important for the chain alignment of TE mediating the interplay with lysyl oxidase or lysyl oxidase‐like enzymes. The oxidation of lysine residues forms covalent intra‐ and intermolecular cross‐links.
  5. After clusters of TE molecules reach a critical size, they are moved from the plasma membrane through the ECM and aggregate onto the microfibril scaffold to eventually form the elastic fiber.
45
Q

Ground substance between

A

cells and fibers

46
Q

Adipose tissue is metabolically active and is now considered as an _______

A

organ

47
Q

Adipocytes Produce Hormones

A

Leptin

Regulates the hypothalamic control of feeding

Leptin also influences the timing of puberty

48
Q

Causes of Human Obesity

A
  • Abnormal function of leptin can cause obesity in very rare, inherited cases of human obesity
  • Majority of cases of human obesity are of uncertain origin, probably epigenetic
49
Q

can dimish effects of insulin upon muscle

A

resistin

possible explanation for linkage between obesity, insulin resistance, and the development of diabetes mellitus

50
Q

Cold-induced brown adipose tissue activation in adult man

A

In warmed patients, glucose uptake is mainly into brain and heart; in cold patients, glucose is also taken up by metabolically active brown fat

51
Q

Have pale, bean-shaped nuclei, abundant cytoplasm

Arise from blood cells called monocytes that migrate from the bloodstream

A

Macrophages

52
Q

Macrophages secrete ________

Which can cause:

Decease:

Decease:

A

TNF

TNF can cause apoptosis of tumors

TNF decrease fat deposition

TNF can decrease blood pressure and cause migration of leukocytes into organs:

SEPTIC SHOCK = “blood poisoning”

53
Q

Mast Cells have metachromatic staining of granules with ________

A

toluidine blue

Due to binding of Toluidine Blue by Highly Charged Proteoglycans

54
Q

Mast Cells often Adhere to

A

Blood Vessels

55
Q

Proteases cleave off a portion of a receptor, allowing a remaining portion to fold back and

A

act as a ligand

M1 (48 decks)

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