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M1 > Lipids - Clinical Applications > Flashcards

Lipids - Clinical Applications Flashcards

1
Q

organic molecules that are soluble in nonpolar solvents but not in polar solvents (e.g., water)

A

Lipids

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2
Q

After ingested fats (lipids) are cleaved by enzymes they are

A

absorbed in the small intestine and transported via the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.

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3
Q

circulating lipids are transported in

A

lipoproteins (insoluble in plasma)

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4
Q

Structural lipids:

A

Phospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycolipids

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5
Q

Steroids/sterols:

A

cholesterol, bile acids, and steroid hormones

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6
Q

Lipid classifications

A
  • Simple: Fat/Oil: Fatty acids + Glycerol (Wax: Fatty acids + cetyl alcohol)
  • Complex: Phospholipids; Glycolipids; Lipoprotein
  • Derived: Derived by hydrolysis: Sterols, fat soluble vitamins and steroid hormones
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7
Q

Function of Lipids

A

Main function: building blocks of cellular membranes

Other functions:

  • Energy storage, mobilization, and utilization
  • Prostaglandin, cytokine synthesis
  • Cell differentiation and growth
  • Signal transmission
  • Hormone synthesis
  • Bile acid synthesis
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8
Q

Fats are triglycerides that are:

Oils are triglycerides that are:

A

solids at room temperature.

  • usually derived from animals
  • mostly saturated fatty acids

Liquids at room temperature

  • usually derived from plants or fish
  • mostly unsaturated fatty acids
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9
Q

Loose packed fats have _______ melting points

A

lower

which is why unsaturated fats, such as vegetable oils, are commonly liquid at room temperature

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10
Q

a form of lipid with carbon atoms arranged into four rings

A

steroids

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11
Q

recommended mg/day of cholesterol as part of the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet

A

<200 mg/day

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12
Q

the main role of lipoprotein is

A

to help transport lipids (hydrophobic) in water

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13
Q

Apolipoproteins mainly function as ________ but also serve as _________ for enzymes that metabolize lipoproteins and help in lipid component exchange amoung lipoproteins.

A

carrier proteins; cofactors

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14
Q

Some examples of lipoproteins include:

A
  • chylomicrons
  • very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
  • intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)
  • low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
  • high-density lipoproteins (HDL).
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15
Q

large triglyceride-rich particle made in the endoplasmic reticulum of enterocytes of the small intestine.

A

chylomicrons

They play a role in carrying dietary triglycerides and cholesterol to peripheral tissues and the liver.

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

an apolipoprotein that is involved in chylomicron assembly, thus having a vital role in the absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins.

A

Apo B-48

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18
Q

triglyceride-rich particles made in the liver.

_______ is important for its production

A

VLDLs; Apo B-100

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19
Q

are created when triglycerides are removed from VLDL by muscle and adipose tissue.

A

IDL particles

cholesterol-rich

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20
Q

are formed from VLDL and IDL particles and are also rich in cholesterol.

A

LDL particles

transports most of the cholesterol in the blood

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21
Q

plays a key role by acting as a ligand for the LDL receptor-mediated uptake of LDL particles by the liver and other tissues

A

Apo B-100

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22
Q

are cholesterol and phospholipid-rich, and aid in reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver, where it is removed

A

HDL particles

23
Q

Defective lipid metabolism is well known to modulate a wide range of chronic diseases such as:

A
  • cardiovascular diseases
  • cancer
  • several other genetically defective lipids pathways with severe health implications
24
Q

Pathophysiological relevance of lipolysis, lipophagy

A
  • Neural Lipid synthesis disease
  • Obesity
  • Fatty liver disease
  • Cholesterol Ester storage disease
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Lipodystrophies
25
Q

Abnormal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood are often due to

A

the unusual assembly, breakdown, or transport of their lipoprotein particles

26
Q

are good indicators of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

levels of plasma lipids

27
Q

is related to a greater risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, as well as a higher occurrence of ischemic vascular disease and development of fatty deposits under the skin, known as xanthomas and xanthelasmas.

A

hyperlipoproteinemia

28
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes to more than __________ deaths per year globally, which accounts for nearly half of all deaths from non-communicable diseases

A

17 million

29
Q

CVD is primarily caused by ___________, a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries in which the deposition of cholesterol and fibrous materials in artery walls forms a plaque or lesion.

A

atherosclerosis

30
Q

Key risk factors that associate with the number of atherosclerotic CVD events include

A

•include the total concentration of cholesterol found in the blood, as well as the cholesterol found in individual lipoprotein subclasses.

31
Q

a primary, major risk factor for ASCVD and may even be a prerequisite for ASCVD, occurring before other major risk factors come into play.

A

Dyslipidemia

32
Q

Increasing evidence also points to insulin resistance, which results in increased levels of plasma triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a decreased concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as an important risk factor for

A

peripheral vascular disease

33
Q

There are several types and subtypes of lipid-related disorders

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

hypercholesterolemia

34
Q

Five main disorders result in hypertriglyceridemia

A
  1. Familial hypertriglyceridemia: An autosomal dominant disorder that results in elevated VLDL levels in plasma
  2. Familial combined hyperlipidemia: An autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by the excessive synthesis of lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B
  3. Congenital lipoprotein lipase deficiency: An autosomal recessive disorder, which results in low to no lipoprotein lipase activity; typically, chylomicrons build up in the blood and eruptive xanthomas develop
  4. Apoprotein CII deficiency: An autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by the lack of apoprotein CII, an essential cofactor for lipoprotein lipase activity; there is usually chylomicron and VLDL accumulation in the plasma
  5. Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia: A disorder in which there is a defect in apolipoprotein E; due to the buildup of remnant VLDL particles in the blood, there are higher plasma levels of cholesterol and triglyceride
35
Q

Three main conditions result in hypercholesterolemia

A
  1. Polygenic hypercholesterolemia: The most common disorder to raise cholesterol levels; there are many genes involved that elevate LDL concentration in plasma
  2. Familial hypercholesterolemia: An autosomal dominant disorder in which the gene for the LDL receptor is defective, so removal of LDL from plasma is less than effective.
    1. Familial hypercholesterolemia is associated with premature ischemic cardiovascular disease;
  3. Familial combined hyperlipidemia: Discussed previously
36
Q

High levels of plasma lipids can also be due to dietary factors, such as

A
  • ingesting excess calories
  • saturated fatty acids
  • cholesterol
  • medication use
37
Q

linked to dysregulation of lipid metabolism, which may result in abnormal levels of blood lipids, ectopic lipid deposition and associated metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) and atherosclerosis.

A

obesity

38
Q

Overweight and Obesity

% or young people age 2 to 19 years

% of adults

A

19%

40%

39
Q

Two of the leading causes of heart disease and stroke are

A

high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol

40
Q

Abnormal lipid levels in childhood and adolescence are linked to

A

increased risk for CVD in adulthood

41
Q

Accumulation of LDs in tissues in high amounts may cause chronic inflammation which is identified as one of the hallmarks of

A

obesity-related metabolic disorders

42
Q

act like soaps and other emulsifiers: they contain both polar and nonpolar regions, helping to break fats in foods into smaller pieces, allowing them to be hydrolyzed more easily.

A

bile salts

43
Q

if cholesterol levels are too high or the levle of bile salts is too low the cholesterol precipitates and forms

A

gallstones

44
Q

gallstones can block the duct that allows bile toe become secreted into the duodenum which causes fats to no longer be digested properly, and the bile pigments absorbed into the blood causes:

A

the skin to become yellow and the stool to become gray

45
Q

There is no physicological need for:

It is recommended to consume no more than _____% of total calories from it.

A

saturated fat

10%

46
Q

Essential fatty acids (FA) and deficiency

Only two FA are essential:

Both are:

A

Linoleic and alpha-linolenic

Both are (poly)unsaturated

47
Q

Deficiencies in Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids can lead to:

A
  • Dermatitis
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Increased susceptibility to infections
  • Failure to thrive
  • History of low fat intake
48
Q

Elevated plasma triglycerides and very-low-density lipoproteins are directly associated with the risk of

A

atherosclerotic heart disease, although not as independent as LDL

49
Q

Disorders associated with malfunctioning of sphingolipid metabolism

A
  • Probably the best known is Tay-Sachs disease, which strikes infants and is typically fatal by age 3.
  • Niemann-Pick disease also strikes infants and is fatal early in life.
  • Gaucher’s disease and Fabry’s disease strike later in life and are generally less devastating.
50
Q

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced oxidative modification of HDL cause

A

endothelial dysfunction and progression of atherosclerosis

51
Q

Evidence has accumulated during the past several years that strengthens long-standing AHA recommendations to replace _______with _________ and _________to lower the incidence of CVD

A

saturated fat; polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat

52
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of death, accounting for _____deaths per year, comprising _____% of total global deaths in 2013.

Nearly ______people in the United States died of heart disease, stroke, and other CVDs in 2014, translating to about _______deaths.

The annual direct and indirect costs of these deaths total more than _______

A

17.3 million; 31.5

808 000; 1 of every 3

$316.1Bill

53
Q

Dietary intake of _____fatty acids is associated with both increased LDL-C and decreased HDL-C levels.

A

trans

M1 (48 decks)

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