Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

M1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

Functions:

A
  1. Transport
    1. Gases ( e.g., O2, CO2)
    2. Nutrients and waste products
    3. Regulatory molecules (e.g., hormones)
  2. Homeostasis
    1. Thermoregulation
  3. Protection
    1. Vascular integrity (e.g. coagulation)
    2. Immune cells and molecules (e.g., IgGs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood volume

A

approximately 6 liters or 7-8% of body weight.

O2 and CO2 are transported in blood via different mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plasma

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Top layer of separated blood components

A

Plasma at the top containing albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin’s, lipids (lipoproteins), hormones, vitamins and salts as predominant components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The middle layer of separated components in blood

A

WBCs & platelets

A Buffy coat of leukocytes (WBC) and platelets (1%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bottom layer of separated components of blood

A

A bottom layer of RBC 43-47% which is the hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you separated blood into three seperated components?

A

Centrifugation with Anticoagulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to blood without anticoagulant added?

A

Blood will clot and blood cells will get caught in the clot leaving serum behind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A protein-rich fluid lacking fibrinogen but contains albumin, immunoglobulins and other components

A

Serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Blood is made up of two components:

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Formed elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mostly water with dissolved substances:

A

Plasma

electrolytes, gases (O2, CO2), nutrients, waste products and regulatory molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Plasma Proteins:

A
  1. Albumin – the most abundant protein (~65%), responsible for blood osmolarity and viscosity.
  2. Fibrinogens or clotting proteins - prothrombin, fibrinogen and others.
  3. Globulins - found as antibodies, as well as storage and transport proteins
  4. Some storage or transport proteins are made by other cells such as in the thyroid
  5. Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Formed elements component of blood

A

Blood cells and their derviatives - neutral strains

  1. Erythrocytes - red blood cells, carry hemoglobin and certain other substances, 5 to 6 x 106/mm3
  2. Leucocytes (also leukocytes) - white blood cells, part of defense and immune mechanisms, 5 to 10 x 103/mm3
  3. Thrombocytes - platelets, instrumental in the intrinsic blood clotting pathway, 150 to 200 x 103/mm3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

RBCs constitute > _______ of blood cells by number

A

99%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hematocrit -

A

packed RBC volume (% of blood volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lifespan of blood components

A
  • Neutrophils - only 12-14 hours (longer if activated)
  • Platelets, ~10 days
  • RBCs, ~ 4 months (~120 days)
  • Lymphocytes, many years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Resilient and flexible shape of RBC is due to _________ based membrane skeleton linked to cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

A

spectrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Erythrocytes are the most abundant cells of the body and contain ________ that carries O2 and carbon dioxide

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

catalyses the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and the dissociated ions of carbonic acid (i.e. bicarbonate and hydrogen ions).

A

Carbonic anhydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aged RBC are phagocytosed by

A

macrophages in liver and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

An autosomal dominant disorder causes defects in the cytoskeleton due to defective self-association of spectrin subunits and binding of to ankyrin, protein 4.1 defects and glycoprorin

A

Elliptocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hemoglobin genetic defects (α2 βS2) changing the biconcave disk shape of RBC into rigid less deformable sickle –shaped cells.

A

Sickle cell anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

defective synthesis of α or β chains of the normal hemoglobin tetramer (α2 β2). Defined by anemia produced by the defective synthesis of the hemoglobin molecule and hemolysis

A

Thalassemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

characterized by larger than normal RBC’s.

A

Macrocytic anemia

Microcytic anemia is characterized by smaller than normal RBC’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The last stage of RBC development

______ % are released into the blood

A

Reticulocytes

a small 1% are released into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Leukocytes size -

A

larger than erythrocytes (10 - 18 micron diameter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

contain specife granules with specific enzymes for each cell type

A

granulocytes

All contain azurophilic granules (Primary granules) that are large lysosomes but also contain microbicidal agents (myeloperoxidase)

They also contain smaller Secondary granules that secrete inflammatory mediators during inflammation

Also small tertiary granules - secrete gelatinase also insert adhesion molecules into cell membranes to facilitate phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Agranulocytes

A

no granules present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Leukocytes Differential Count

A
32
Q
A
33
Q

Granulocytes: Mult-lobed nucleus

A

Originate in the myeloid tissue in the red bone marrow

Leukocyte granules

Granules contain digestive enzymes and all granulocytes can act as phagocytes.

Primary (azurophilic) granules these are lysosomes. All three of the granulocytes have these

34
Q

The most numerous WBC, about 65% of normal white count. Most important phagocytic cell in the circulation.

A

Neutrophils

35
Q

Motile Neutrophils leave vessels and migrate to their site of action throughout the body,

Distribution-

Function-

Diapedesis-

Chemotaxis-

A

Distribution - blood and CT (as transient or wandering cells)

Function - immune protection, movement (cell motility)

Diapedesis - movement out of blood into connective tissue

Chemotaxis - movement directed by homing molecules

36
Q

Constitute 2-5% of circulating leukocytes. Measure 12-17 microns in diameter and have a bilobed nucleus and are larger than neutrophils. Easily recognized by its large specific bright red eosin granules.

A

Eosinophils

37
Q

The crystalloid core of the eosinophils granules is composed of ______________. During allergic reactions, these cells ________________by secreting an antihistamine (histaminase)

A

Major basic proteins (MBP); counteract the action of the basophils

38
Q

The specific granules contain a crystalloid body (seen in TEM). The granules contain four major proteins:

A
  • an arginine-rich protein, Major Basic Protein (MBP) localized in the crystalloid body accounting for the intense acidophilia of the granule.
  • Other proteins : eosinophil cationic protein (ECP),
    • eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)
    • eosinophil- derived neurotoxin (EDN) are in the granule matrix
39
Q

Specific granules also contain:

A

histaminase, arylsulfatase, colagenase, and cathepsins.

40
Q

Azurophilic granules are

A

lysosomes

They contain the usual lysosomal acid hydrolases and other hydrolytic enzymes that destroy parasites and hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes engulfed by Eosinophils.

41
Q

Eosinophils also play a role in

A

allergic reactions ,parasite infections, and chronic inflammation.

The intestinal wall contains larger numbers of Eosinophils than the blood stream

42
Q

increased eosinophils in circulation

A

eosinophilia

Found in many types of parasitic disease in which there the number of circulating eosinophils is increased

Intestinal parasites is the main cause of Eosinophilia world-wide

In the U.S. eosinophilia is often due to asthma or allergies

43
Q

measure 14-16 μm in diameter and are bilobed with numerous densely specific granules that are fewer and larger than those in Neutrophils.

constitute less than 1% of leukocytes, except during infections where they mediate inflammation by secreting histamine and heparan sulfate (related to the anticoagulant heparin ) and leukotrines.

A
44
Q

_______ makes blood vessels permeable

______ inhibits blood clotting

_________are functionally related to mast cells

A

Histamine; heparin, basophils

45
Q

The cytoplasmic granules of basophils and mast cells contain ______composed of sulphated glycosaminoglycans linked to a protein core= which accounts for their metachromatic staining property

A

proteoglycans

The proteoglycans are a mixture of heparin and chondroitin sulphate.

46
Q

Basophils can modulate

A

the immune response of other immune cells

May serve a role in defense against certain intestinal parasites

47
Q

Basophils rapidly infiltrate sites of inflammation in allergy and asthma

A
  • Infiltrate bronchioles during asthmatic attack
  • Infiltrate nasal passages in hay fever
  • Infiltrate site of inflammation in other allergies

Basophils have receptors for IgE on their surface.

When cross-linked, inflammatory mediators are released which can damage normal tissues

48
Q

Histamine and other substances released by activated mast cells and basophils are responsible for

A

the symptoms of allergies including hives, hay fever, and anaphylactic shock.

49
Q

The agranulocytes “heavy hitters”

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

50
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • Natural killer (NK) cells
51
Q

Produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A

B-Lymphocytes

52
Q

Both ___ and ____ once activated form long-lived memory cells

A

B and T cells

•These are responsible for a more intense and faster immune response the second time an antigen is encountered

NK cells kill virus-infected and malignant (transformed) cells

53
Q
A
54
Q

circulate ½-4 d in the blood, then enter the connective tissue, where they become macrophages

A

Monocyte

55
Q

•Because these cells are in the connective tissue, they serve as the residential defense against pathogens.

Phagocytic for bacteria, foreign matter and necrotic tissue

  • Liver
  • Lung
  • Brain
  • Bone
A

Macrophages

  • Kupffer cells: Liver
  • Dust cells: Lung
  • Microglia: Brain
  • Osteoclasts: Bone
56
Q

Increased monocytes are seen in the blood in what conditions?

A

chronic inflammatory conditions and tuberculosis

monocytosis

57
Q

are small cytoplasmic fragments (2-4 μm) derived from the megakaryocyte., under control of the glycoprotein ________produced in the kidney and liver.

A

Thromocytes (platelets)

thrompopoietin

58
Q

Thrombocytes represent fragmented cells which contain _________

They are seen in peripheral blood either singly or, often, in clusters, and have a lifespan of __________

A

residual organelles including rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparati;

5-10 days

59
Q

the “stopping of the blood”. Triggered by a ruptured vessel wall it occurs in several steps:

A

Hemostasis

When blood vessels are damaged, platelets bind to exposed subendothelium and are activated.

60
Q

Substances released when platelets are activated include

A
  • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
  • Fibrinogen
  • Serotonin
  • ADP
61
Q
A
62
Q

TEM of Megakaryocyte showing ____________ in cytoplasm. Inset shows BS of Megakaryocyte

A

platelet demarcation channels

63
Q

Platelets

  • Cell fragment-
  • Structure-
  • Granules-
  • Megakaryocyte-
  • Function-
A
  • Cell fragment - small (~2 µm), irregular disk shape, no nucleus
  • Structure - granules, mitochondria, glycogen, cytoskeleton
  • Granules - alpha (clotting factors), dense core (histamine)
  • Megakaryocyte - produces platelets in bone marrow sinus
  • Function - clot formation, bind to injured blood vessel wall, aggregate with RBCs forms hemostatic plug (stops bleeding)
64
Q

Platelets number from

A

150,00-400-000/ ml in the circulation with a 5-10 day lifespan

65
Q

The major functions of platelets include:

A
  • Formation of plugs to occlude damaged vascular sites by adhering to collagenous tissue which is later replaced by fibrin.
  • They promote clot formation by providing a surface to assemble coagulation protein complexes for thrombin generation.
  • Platelets secrete factors involved in repair.
66
Q

Hematopoiesis

Yolk sac phase-

Hepatic phase-

Bone marrow phase-

Adult phase -

A
  • Yolk sac phase - blood in ‘islands’ in yolk sac, no leukocytes
  • Hepatic phase - primitive nucleated RBCs, fetal hemoglobin
  • Bone marrow phase - mature RBCs, leukocytes, ~12 weeks
  • Adult phase - pelvis, vertebrae, skull, ribs, ends of long bones
67
Q
A
68
Q
A
69
Q

Undifferentiated cell producing blood cells of all lineages are capable of self-renewal

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic* stem cell (HSC)-

70
Q

Undifferentiated cell producing cells of multiple lineages, limited self-renewal (e.g., myeloid SC, lymphoid SC)

A

Multipotent HSC

71
Q

undifferentiated cell capable of producing cells of one lineage, colony forming units (CFUs)

(e.g., erythroid CFU, granulocyte-macrophage CFU)

A

Committed progenitor

72
Q
A
73
Q
A
74
Q

Hematopoietic Growth Factors

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) - major regulator of erythropoiesis, stimulates erythroid CFU cells and proerythroblasts

Thrombopoietin (TPO) - increases platelet production, stimulates megakaryocyte CFU cells

Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) - increases production of neutrophils, stimulates granulocyte-macrophage CFU cells

Granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) - increases macrophage production, stimulates granulocyte-macrophage CFU cells

Interleukins - stimulate B- and T-cell formation, function together with G-CSF and GM-CSF

75
Q

Bone Marrow

  • Bone marrow cavity
  • Bone marrow cells
  • Blood vessels
  • Stem cells
A
  • Bone marrow cavity - marrow proper and venous sinuses
  • Bone marrow cells - stromal cells, adipocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages, hematopoietic cells
  • Blood vessels - nutrient arteries supply marrow cavity
  • Stem cells and early precursor cells do not leave marrow

M1 (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions