MOL. bi.

Question 1

anabolic reaction vs catabolic reaction

Answer 1

anabolic - synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules –> condensation reaction

catabolic is the breakdown of complex molecules–> hydrolysis reaction

Question 2

water molecule bonds?

Answer 2

they are polar and have hydrogen bonds

Question 3

properties of water (mention about sweat too)

Answer 3

cohesive - high surface tensions,

adhesive - since water molecules stick with other charged molecules, this allows water to go up the plant’s stem,

thermal - high specific heat capacity

solvent - universal solvent

When person’s body makes a higher rate of cell respiration, the body heats up - hypothalamus part of the brain sends singals to the sweat glands to release sweat. Water that has been secreted through sweat, absorbs the body’s heat and evaporates - cooling the body.

Question 4

water vs methane

Answer 4

water is polar, but methane is not, therefore the water can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules that are charged

water has a much higher heat capacity that breaks the hydrogen bonds, therefore, it acts as a more effective coolant

it has a much higher boiling point, therefore it prevents overheating since the human body usually goes up to max 40C.

Methane boils at a very low temperature so it is never liquid.

Question 5

monomer of carbohydrate

Answer 5

monosaccharide

examples: glucose and ribose

Question 6

structure of nucleotide

Answer 6

phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 7

monosaccharides may be joined into:

Answer 7

disaccharides for easier transport

polysaccharides like for:
short term energy storage (glycogen - energy storage in animals, starch - energy storage in plants)
structural components (cellulose in structure of plants)
receptors for recognition (glycoproteins on protein)

Question 8

soluble insoluble in water? (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)

Answer 8

carbohydrates - yes
lipids - nope
proteins - not all are soluble, but those that are include enzymes and transport proteins.

Question 9

monomer of a protein

Answer 9

amino acid

Question 10

how are amino acids joined

Answer 10

by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains (this requires condensation reactions)

O H - PEPTIDE BOND
|| |
C —- N

Question 11

structure of protein

Answer 11

amino acid, variable side chain, carboxyl group

Question 12

how many different amino acids in polypeptides are there

Answer 12

20

Question 13

what is responsible for polypeptide sequences

Answer 13

genes

Question 14

protein structures

Answer 14

primary - order of amino acids
secondary - folding into repeat patterns (alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet)
tertiary - overall arrangement of a polypeptide

Question 15

what can carbohydrate monomers form further? by what reaction

Answer 15

monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharide polymers

Question 16

what kinds of fatty acids can there be

Answer 16

saturated,

monounsaturated (su vienu cis vieta), polyunsaturated (su dviem cis vietom).

unsaturated - cis and trans

trans H
||
C — C
||
H

Question 17

what are triglycerides? how are they formed

Answer 17

triglycerides are lipids used for long-term energy storage
they are composed of glycerol molecules covalently linked to three fatty acid chains (via condensation)

Question 18

transportation of glucose, cholesterol and oxygen in the blood

Answer 18

• Glucose and amino acids are polar, so they can be freely transported and dissolved in blood.
• Cholesterol and fats are non-polar so they are transported in small droplets called lipoproteins, where these non-polar molecules are coated by phospholipids and proteins, which are in turn, polar themselves.
• Oxygen is non-polar, and while some molecules can dissolve in water, they are not sufficient to supply the entire body, therefore, most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin.

Question 19

examples of proteins and functions

Answer 19

Collagen

Strengthen bone, tendon and skin

Hemoglobin

Bind oxygen in the lungs and transport to other tissues

Question 20

Substrates and Active site

Answer 20

Substrates are substances acted upon by enzymes.

Active site is the region on the enzyme to which substrates bind and where catalysis occurs.

substrates and enzymes must “collide” with one another due to their individual motion (kinetic energy). The more collisions between enzyme and substrate, the faster the reaction occurs.

Question 20

the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk

Answer 20

lactose is a disaccharide in milk that many people do not have an enzyme to break down with.

immobilized (a technical process in which enzymes are fixed to or within solid supports to create a system through which it can be drained) lactase is used to drain milk through it and therefore lactose is broken down —> results in a sweeter flavor and is easier to digest by lactose-intolerant people

immobilized lactase can resist larger changes in pH and temperature

Question 21

saturated unsaturated main difference

Answer 21

saturated - one hydrocarbon chain, unsaturated - double hydrocarbon chain

Question 22

PCR - polymerase chain reaction

Answer 22

it is an artificial method of DNA replication that is used to rapidly copy sequences

1. denaturation - DNA heated in order to seperate strands
2. annealing - primers attach to ends of a target sequence
3. elongation(e ilgas, aa trumpas ion)- a heat-tolerant polymerase copies strands

Question 23

cancer can be caused by (2 factors)

Answer 23

mutagens:
agents that change the genetic material of cells:

example:
UV lights, viruses.

genetics:
mutations

Question 24

metastasis

Answer 24

is the spread of cancer from an original site to a new body location

Question 25

what is sucrose made of? sucrose is what kind of molecule?

Answer 25

sucrose is a disaccharide. it is made up of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. Sucrose is formed due to condensation reaction (releases water due condensation)

Question 26

what is maltose made of? maltose is what kind of molecule?

Answer 26

maltose is a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules

Question 27

what is lactose made of? lactose is what kind of molecule?

Answer 27

lactose is a disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose

Question 28

what is galactose made of? galactose is what kind of molecule?

Answer 28

galactose is a monosaccharide

Question 29

structure of glycogen

Answer 29

daug branches of glucose chains visur visaip

Question 30

structure of starch

Answer 30

sukti branches of glucose arba kaip medis bet maziau nei glycogen

Question 31

structure of cellulose

Answer 31

visiskai linear glucose chains — — —

Question 32

which of the types of plants have seeds

Answer 32

Coniferophyta and angiospermophyta

Question 33

cyclin E is responsible for which phase of cell reproduction

Answer 33

for the entry into S phase

Question 34

catalytic protein meaning

Answer 34

an enzyme

Question 35

most abundant enzyme in plants, why?

Answer 35

rubisco which catalyses the first step of carbon fixation during light-independent reactions in photosynthesis.

Question 36

what is rhodopsin

Answer 36

pigment found in retina

Question 37

glucose vs glycogen vs glucagon vs glycerol

Answer 37

glucose:
SIMPLE carbohydrate (monosaccaride)
produced by plants during photosynthesis
it is broken down during respiration
it is the final product of starch digestion

glycogen:
COMPLEX carbohydrate (polysaccharide)
formed as a build up of many glucose molecules
food storage molecule in animal cells (stored in liver and muscle cells)
it can be broken down to produce glucose to raise sugar levels in the blood —> THE SUGAR IS RAISED, THE GLUCOSE IS BROKEN DOWN WHEN GLUCAGON (HORMONE) IS RELEASED.

glucagon
hormone that controls the blood glucose concentration
produced by the pancreas, acts on the liver, and makes glycogen to be broken down into glucose –> raises the levels of sugar in the blood.

glycerol
the backbone of lipids produced during the digestion of fats by lipase, when fatty acids are cut off of glycerol