MOL. bi. Flashcards
anabolic reaction vs catabolic reaction
anabolic - synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules –> condensation reaction
catabolic is the breakdown of complex molecules–> hydrolysis reaction
water molecule bonds?
they are polar and have hydrogen bonds
properties of water (mention about sweat too)
cohesive - high surface tensions,
adhesive - since water molecules stick with other charged molecules, this allows water to go up the plant’s stem,
thermal - high specific heat capacity
solvent - universal solvent
When person’s body makes a higher rate of cell respiration, the body heats up - hypothalamus part of the brain sends singals to the sweat glands to release sweat. Water that has been secreted through sweat, absorbs the body’s heat and evaporates - cooling the body.
water vs methane
water is polar, but methane is not, therefore the water can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules that are charged
water has a much higher heat capacity that breaks the hydrogen bonds, therefore, it acts as a more effective coolant
it has a much higher boiling point, therefore it prevents overheating since the human body usually goes up to max 40C.
Methane boils at a very low temperature so it is never liquid.
monomer of carbohydrate
monosaccharide
examples: glucose and ribose
structure of nucleotide
phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
monosaccharides may be joined into:
disaccharides for easier transport
polysaccharides like for:
short term energy storage (glycogen - energy storage in animals, starch - energy storage in plants)
structural components (cellulose in structure of plants)
receptors for recognition (glycoproteins on protein)
soluble insoluble in water? (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)
carbohydrates - yes
lipids - nope
proteins - not all are soluble, but those that are include enzymes and transport proteins.
monomer of a protein
amino acid
how are amino acids joined
by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains (this requires condensation reactions)
O H - PEPTIDE BOND
|| |
C —- N
structure of protein
amino acid, variable side chain, carboxyl group
how many different amino acids in polypeptides are there
20
what is responsible for polypeptide sequences
genes
protein structures
primary - order of amino acids
secondary - folding into repeat patterns (alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet)
tertiary - overall arrangement of a polypeptide
what can carbohydrate monomers form further? by what reaction
monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharide polymers
what kinds of fatty acids can there be
saturated,
monounsaturated (su vienu cis vieta), polyunsaturated (su dviem cis vietom).
unsaturated - cis and trans
trans H
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C — C
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H
what are triglycerides? how are they formed
triglycerides are lipids used for long-term energy storage
they are composed of glycerol molecules covalently linked to three fatty acid chains (via condensation)
transportation of glucose, cholesterol and oxygen in the blood
- Glucose and amino acids are polar, so they can be freely transported and dissolved in blood.
- Cholesterol and fats are non-polar so they are transported in small droplets called lipoproteins, where these non-polar molecules are coated by phospholipids and proteins, which are in turn, polar themselves.
- Oxygen is non-polar, and while some molecules can dissolve in water, they are not sufficient to supply the entire body, therefore, most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin.
examples of proteins and functions
Collagen
Strengthen bone, tendon and skin
Hemoglobin
Bind oxygen in the lungs and transport to other tissues
Substrates and Active site
Substrates are substances acted upon by enzymes.
Active site is the region on the enzyme to which substrates bind and where catalysis occurs.
substrates and enzymes must “collide” with one another due to their individual motion (kinetic energy). The more collisions between enzyme and substrate, the faster the reaction occurs.
the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk
lactose is a disaccharide in milk that many people do not have an enzyme to break down with.
immobilized (a technical process in which enzymes are fixed to or within solid supports to create a system through which it can be drained) lactase is used to drain milk through it and therefore lactose is broken down —> results in a sweeter flavor and is easier to digest by lactose-intolerant people
immobilized lactase can resist larger changes in pH and temperature
saturated unsaturated main difference
saturated - one hydrocarbon chain, unsaturated - double hydrocarbon chain
PCR - polymerase chain reaction
it is an artificial method of DNA replication that is used to rapidly copy sequences
- denaturation - DNA heated in order to seperate strands
- annealing - primers attach to ends of a target sequence
- elongation(e ilgas, aa trumpas ion)- a heat-tolerant polymerase copies strands
cancer can be caused by (2 factors)
mutagens:
agents that change the genetic material of cells:
example:
UV lights, viruses.
genetics:
mutations
metastasis
is the spread of cancer from an original site to a new body location
what is sucrose made of? sucrose is what kind of molecule?
sucrose is a disaccharide. it is made up of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. Sucrose is formed due to condensation reaction (releases water due condensation)
what is maltose made of? maltose is what kind of molecule?
maltose is a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules
what is lactose made of? lactose is what kind of molecule?
lactose is a disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose
what is galactose made of? galactose is what kind of molecule?
galactose is a monosaccharide
structure of glycogen
daug branches of glucose chains visur visaip
structure of starch
sukti branches of glucose arba kaip medis bet maziau nei glycogen
structure of cellulose
visiskai linear glucose chains — — —
which of the types of plants have seeds
Coniferophyta and angiospermophyta
cyclin E is responsible for which phase of cell reproduction
for the entry into S phase
catalytic protein meaning
an enzyme
most abundant enzyme in plants, why?
rubisco which catalyses the first step of carbon fixation during light-independent reactions in photosynthesis.
what is rhodopsin
pigment found in retina
glucose vs glycogen vs glucagon vs glycerol
glucose:
SIMPLE carbohydrate (monosaccaride)
produced by plants during photosynthesis
it is broken down during respiration
it is the final product of starch digestion
glycogen:
COMPLEX carbohydrate (polysaccharide)
formed as a build up of many glucose molecules
food storage molecule in animal cells (stored in liver and muscle cells)
it can be broken down to produce glucose to raise sugar levels in the blood —> THE SUGAR IS RAISED, THE GLUCOSE IS BROKEN DOWN WHEN GLUCAGON (HORMONE) IS RELEASED.
glucagon
hormone that controls the blood glucose concentration
produced by the pancreas, acts on the liver, and makes glycogen to be broken down into glucose –> raises the levels of sugar in the blood.
glycerol
the backbone of lipids produced during the digestion of fats by lipase, when fatty acids are cut off of glycerol
